Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... On the basis of recordings of the activity of brain stem neurons that were rhythmically active in phase with respiration, six different types of neurons have been defined on the basis of their firing patterns, their membrane potential changes, and their synaptic inputs (1, 17). As shown in Fig. 2A, ...
... On the basis of recordings of the activity of brain stem neurons that were rhythmically active in phase with respiration, six different types of neurons have been defined on the basis of their firing patterns, their membrane potential changes, and their synaptic inputs (1, 17). As shown in Fig. 2A, ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy With Spontaneous
... Stereological counting. Dorsal root ganglia embedded in epon were serially cut (1 m thick) on an ultramicrotome. The beginning of dorsal root ganglion tissue was considered to be the point at which at least 10 neuronal profiles were seen per transverse section (this became known as section A, or th ...
... Stereological counting. Dorsal root ganglia embedded in epon were serially cut (1 m thick) on an ultramicrotome. The beginning of dorsal root ganglion tissue was considered to be the point at which at least 10 neuronal profiles were seen per transverse section (this became known as section A, or th ...
Nor-binaltorphimine Precipitates Withdrawal and Excitatory Amino
... opioid receptors (Horan and Ho, 1989b), whereas morphine binds as an agonist to primarily the mu and delta opioid receptors (Abdelhamid et al., 1991; Gulya et al., 1988; Miyamoto et al., 1993). Although it is clear that the actions of butorphanol at the mu and delta opioid receptors are important to ...
... opioid receptors (Horan and Ho, 1989b), whereas morphine binds as an agonist to primarily the mu and delta opioid receptors (Abdelhamid et al., 1991; Gulya et al., 1988; Miyamoto et al., 1993). Although it is clear that the actions of butorphanol at the mu and delta opioid receptors are important to ...
![[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003492398_1-2708bc56966b4cab721b0073b5bc49ec-300x300.png)
[Ca2+]c dynamics in spontaneously firing dopamine neurons of the
... Ca2+ signals in dopamine neurons appear to play important roles in somatodendritic dopamine releases or dendritic secretions (Nedergaard et al., 1988; Jaffe et al., 1998). Thus the glutamate-mediated Ca2+ signals appear to be important in maintaining the functions of dopamine neurons. However, how e ...
... Ca2+ signals in dopamine neurons appear to play important roles in somatodendritic dopamine releases or dendritic secretions (Nedergaard et al., 1988; Jaffe et al., 1998). Thus the glutamate-mediated Ca2+ signals appear to be important in maintaining the functions of dopamine neurons. However, how e ...
Chapter 13 *Lecture PowerPoint The Spinal Cord,
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
... • Decussate in lower medulla • Lateral corticospinal tract on contralateral side of spinal cord • Anterior (ventral) corticospinal tract on ipsilateral side of spinal cord • Two neuron pathways – Upper motor neuron in cerebral cortex – Lower motor neuron in spinal cord ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
... thermoregulatory behavior to reduce heat loss, cutaneous vasoconstriction (CVC) to conserve heat in the body core, piloerection, non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. For example, a functional neuroanatomical model of the core pathw ...
High reward expectancy during methylphenidate depresses the
... modifications to increase design sensitivity. First, previous studies defined the reward-related BOLD response as the difference between the least and the most appealing reward condition, obscuring the parametric relation of the BOLD signal to the RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric var ...
... modifications to increase design sensitivity. First, previous studies defined the reward-related BOLD response as the difference between the least and the most appealing reward condition, obscuring the parametric relation of the BOLD signal to the RPE. Instead, we created a full-range parametric var ...
Why do Breakups "Hurt?" - Wyoming Scholars Repository
... become devoid of emotion or comatose, it seems that society subconsciously, or consciously, considers that person less human. They are unable to interact and express emotions and are outwardly capable of merely functioning as a body. However, this does not mean they are unable to hear or process inf ...
... become devoid of emotion or comatose, it seems that society subconsciously, or consciously, considers that person less human. They are unable to interact and express emotions and are outwardly capable of merely functioning as a body. However, this does not mean they are unable to hear or process inf ...
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology, Second Edition
... • It is a two-neuron pathway: – Sensory signals from viscera and skin send signals to autonomic neurons in brain and spinal cord. – A preganglionic neuron cell body is located within the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord). – Preganglionic fibers (efferent fibers) synapse with a ganglionic neuron locate ...
... • It is a two-neuron pathway: – Sensory signals from viscera and skin send signals to autonomic neurons in brain and spinal cord. – A preganglionic neuron cell body is located within the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord). – Preganglionic fibers (efferent fibers) synapse with a ganglionic neuron locate ...
MAP2 and Tau Segregate into Dendritic and Axonal Domains After
... ym, whereasunmyelinated axons can be asthin as0.1-O. 15 Frn (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b). The cytoskeletal ultrastructure also suggestsdifferences,in that microtubules are generally distributed uniformly throughout dendrites, and there is a relative paucity of neurofilaments.Axons, on the other hand ...
... ym, whereasunmyelinated axons can be asthin as0.1-O. 15 Frn (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b). The cytoskeletal ultrastructure also suggestsdifferences,in that microtubules are generally distributed uniformly throughout dendrites, and there is a relative paucity of neurofilaments.Axons, on the other hand ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
... by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbitofrontal olfactory representations are formed and operate in pri ...
... by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbitofrontal olfactory representations are formed and operate in pri ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... Nambu et al. 1999). Because of the location of the hypocretin neurons in a region that has been implicated in feeding, this neuropeptide was initially thought to regulate appetite and energy metabolism (Sakurai et al. 1998). Application of hypocretin stimulates feeding (Dube et al. 1999; Sweet et al ...
... Nambu et al. 1999). Because of the location of the hypocretin neurons in a region that has been implicated in feeding, this neuropeptide was initially thought to regulate appetite and energy metabolism (Sakurai et al. 1998). Application of hypocretin stimulates feeding (Dube et al. 1999; Sweet et al ...
PDZ Protein Regulation of G Protein-Coupled Receptor
... (Elias et al., 2006; Elias and Nicoll, 2007). PSD-95 is able to indirectly bind and regulate AMPA receptors via a shared association with transmembrane AMPA receptor–regulating proteins, such as stargazin (Chen et al., 2000). The b1-adrenergic receptor (b1 AR) is the first GPCR to be reported as a P ...
... (Elias et al., 2006; Elias and Nicoll, 2007). PSD-95 is able to indirectly bind and regulate AMPA receptors via a shared association with transmembrane AMPA receptor–regulating proteins, such as stargazin (Chen et al., 2000). The b1-adrenergic receptor (b1 AR) is the first GPCR to be reported as a P ...
The Nervous System - Napa Valley College
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
START_HERE_ch08_lecture
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... • Active channels (also called gated channels): – open and close in response to stimuli – at resting potential, most gated channels are closed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... and did not completely and irreversibly cease to discharge during the first 20 min after APO administration (6 neurons did) were considered for all further analyses. All other units were excluded to avoid possible artifacts due to electrode displacements. The spike train of each neuron was divided i ...
... and did not completely and irreversibly cease to discharge during the first 20 min after APO administration (6 neurons did) were considered for all further analyses. All other units were excluded to avoid possible artifacts due to electrode displacements. The spike train of each neuron was divided i ...
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker
... spatial tuning in the position-insensitive neurons. Individual units showed one of three different orientations of their excitatory axis of velocity rotation sensitivity: vertical-plane-only responses, positive elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis re ...
... spatial tuning in the position-insensitive neurons. Individual units showed one of three different orientations of their excitatory axis of velocity rotation sensitivity: vertical-plane-only responses, positive elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis re ...
Fig. 1
... diseases [20], however its importance in neuron differentiation remains mostly unknown. Since Hsp90 is expressed preferentially in neurons in the nervous system from late embryonic differentiation stages [18], and local stability and degradation mechanisms are responsible for neuronal polarity estab ...
... diseases [20], however its importance in neuron differentiation remains mostly unknown. Since Hsp90 is expressed preferentially in neurons in the nervous system from late embryonic differentiation stages [18], and local stability and degradation mechanisms are responsible for neuronal polarity estab ...
Microstructure of the neocortex: Comparative aspects
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
... the evolution of the vertebrate brain. One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is what is special about the neocortex of humans and how does it differ from that of other species? It is clear that distinct cortical areas show important differences within both the same and different species, ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.