Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... Olfactory systems dynamically encode odor information in the nervous system. Insects constitute a well-established model for the study of the neural processes underlying olfactory perception. In insects, odors are detected by sensory neurons located in the antennae, whose axons project to a primary ...
... Olfactory systems dynamically encode odor information in the nervous system. Insects constitute a well-established model for the study of the neural processes underlying olfactory perception. In insects, odors are detected by sensory neurons located in the antennae, whose axons project to a primary ...
Histamine reduces firing and bursting of anterior and intralaminar
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
... recovery). Neurons that changed their discharge rate by more than 25% (or at least by 0.5 impulses per s when firing at a rate below 1 spike per s) during at least one response period were regarded as being responsive to the applied drug. The prevailing direction of changes in all neurons of one pop ...
Synaptic Democracy and Vesicular Transport in Axons
... A fundamental problem in cell biology is how newly synthesized proteins are delivered to subcellular targets located within the cell membrane. This is particularly acute for neurons with their extensively branched dendrites that receive information from other neurons, and a single long axon that del ...
... A fundamental problem in cell biology is how newly synthesized proteins are delivered to subcellular targets located within the cell membrane. This is particularly acute for neurons with their extensively branched dendrites that receive information from other neurons, and a single long axon that del ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
... MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA). Only trials in which the monkey maintained its gaze within the boundary of the stimulus images for the required time were included in the analysis. For each image presentation, two time intervals were considered: a baseline interval, 1 s immediately before the ons ...
Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... Figure 1 | The core septin subunit SEPT7 is required for the growth of dendrites and axons of cerebrocortical neurons in vivo. (a) Representative immunofluorescence images of primary cerebrocortical neurons at div2 co-expressing GFP with control (left) or shRNA#1 against SEPT7 (right). Endogenous SEP ...
... Figure 1 | The core septin subunit SEPT7 is required for the growth of dendrites and axons of cerebrocortical neurons in vivo. (a) Representative immunofluorescence images of primary cerebrocortical neurons at div2 co-expressing GFP with control (left) or shRNA#1 against SEPT7 (right). Endogenous SEP ...
Properties of Single Neurons Responsive to Light Mechanical
... rod, on the end of which was attached a piece of acetate plastic, 0.3 mm wide x 5.0 or 7.5 mm long, was used. These “edge” stimuli were applied normal to the skin surface, both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the digit on which the RF was located. Cylindrical stimuli were also applied ...
... rod, on the end of which was attached a piece of acetate plastic, 0.3 mm wide x 5.0 or 7.5 mm long, was used. These “edge” stimuli were applied normal to the skin surface, both parallel and perpendicular to the long axis of the digit on which the RF was located. Cylindrical stimuli were also applied ...
video slide - Course
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant model organism for
... reflect the function of individual neurons which are highly specialized cells, neural tissues made up of many neurons function as an entity possibly in much the same way as a plant. It is also possible that within each plant cell there are microtubule-based domains which are each analogous to a sing ...
... reflect the function of individual neurons which are highly specialized cells, neural tissues made up of many neurons function as an entity possibly in much the same way as a plant. It is also possible that within each plant cell there are microtubule-based domains which are each analogous to a sing ...
Canonical Neural Computation: A Summary and a Roadmap A
... computations of economic value in parietal cortex and motor planning in the Frontal Eye Fields, are all computed by the a basic laminar circuit that is roughly duplicated throughout the brain with, so far as we can tell, only relatively modest variation (Douglas & Martin, 2004). Having identified ca ...
... computations of economic value in parietal cortex and motor planning in the Frontal Eye Fields, are all computed by the a basic laminar circuit that is roughly duplicated throughout the brain with, so far as we can tell, only relatively modest variation (Douglas & Martin, 2004). Having identified ca ...
Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase-like
... immunoreactivity During metamorphosis the SOD antiserum transiently labeled many cells virtually in every part of the brain of M. sexta, including neurons in the optic lobes, antennal lobes, central brain, and subesophageal ganglion (Figs. 2– 4). During all phases of development, the antiserum label ...
... immunoreactivity During metamorphosis the SOD antiserum transiently labeled many cells virtually in every part of the brain of M. sexta, including neurons in the optic lobes, antennal lobes, central brain, and subesophageal ganglion (Figs. 2– 4). During all phases of development, the antiserum label ...
What Fuels Fat - Napa Valley College
... to influence appetite as their levels in the bloodstream rise and fall, including various breakdown products of food, such as glucose, and gut-derived hormones, such as insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK). But a critical regulator of how much energy is maintained in storage proved elusive until Jeffre ...
... to influence appetite as their levels in the bloodstream rise and fall, including various breakdown products of food, such as glucose, and gut-derived hormones, such as insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK). But a critical regulator of how much energy is maintained in storage proved elusive until Jeffre ...
Spike Train - CMU Statistics
... In probability and statistics, irregular sequences of event times are modeled as point processes. If we start at time t = 0 and let X1 , X2 , .P . . be a sequence of random variables representing the ISIs, then the time of the jth spike is given by Sj = ji=1 Xi and the sequence S1 , S2 , . . . forms ...
... In probability and statistics, irregular sequences of event times are modeled as point processes. If we start at time t = 0 and let X1 , X2 , .P . . be a sequence of random variables representing the ISIs, then the time of the jth spike is given by Sj = ji=1 Xi and the sequence S1 , S2 , . . . forms ...
The ANS
... Motor end plates (somatic targets) All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla ...
... Motor end plates (somatic targets) All ganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions The hormone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla ...
May 30, 04copy.doc
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
... Measures of relative optical density were obtained from all the tangential α1-GABAAimmunostained sections, from cortical layer I (whenever possible) to layer IV. Samples were taken within a computer-generated circle over each barrel column, allowing for comparisons between deprived and intact rows. ...
Coupled Noisy Spiking Neurons as Velocity-Controlled
... recording likely contains high-frequency jitter from the video tracking summarized in Figure 2. system and the vestibular and proprioceptive systems of the animal Our network oscillatory interference model is composed of a single cell themselves may also act to low-pass filter their acceleration or ...
... recording likely contains high-frequency jitter from the video tracking summarized in Figure 2. system and the vestibular and proprioceptive systems of the animal Our network oscillatory interference model is composed of a single cell themselves may also act to low-pass filter their acceleration or ...
Prenatal morphine exposure alters the layer II/III pyramidal neurons
... were used for the reconstruction of the neurons’ morphological structure and for the quantitative analysis, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, at least three images were taken for each plane of the same neurons, stacked and presented in one image with averaged signal (Fig. 2A). Using Neuron J pl ...
... were used for the reconstruction of the neurons’ morphological structure and for the quantitative analysis, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, at least three images were taken for each plane of the same neurons, stacked and presented in one image with averaged signal (Fig. 2A). Using Neuron J pl ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
INTERNEURONS OF THE NEOCORTICAL INHIBITORY SYSTEM
... axon commonly emerges from one of the primary dendrites and forms a narrow (<50 µm) band that crosses all layers (see online supplementary information S1 (table)). Bipolar neurons can be excitatory by releasing only VIP, or inhibitory by releasing mainly GABA (inhibitory BPCs also express VIP). Thei ...
... axon commonly emerges from one of the primary dendrites and forms a narrow (<50 µm) band that crosses all layers (see online supplementary information S1 (table)). Bipolar neurons can be excitatory by releasing only VIP, or inhibitory by releasing mainly GABA (inhibitory BPCs also express VIP). Thei ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... TS) was 51.4 ± 7.2 ms for the first session and 49.2 ± 6.2 ms for the second session. The mean onset latency of IES-induced magnetic fields was 89.5 ± 15.4 ms for the first session and 87.5 ± 10.6 ms for the second session. The mean difference in onset latency between TS and IES was 38.1 ms (ranging fr ...
... TS) was 51.4 ± 7.2 ms for the first session and 49.2 ± 6.2 ms for the second session. The mean onset latency of IES-induced magnetic fields was 89.5 ± 15.4 ms for the first session and 87.5 ± 10.6 ms for the second session. The mean difference in onset latency between TS and IES was 38.1 ms (ranging fr ...
Special senses PPT - Westinghouse College Prep
... four types by the nature of the stimulus that excites them – Nociceptors (pain) – Thermoreceptors (temperature) – Mechanoreceptors (physical distortion) – Chemoreceptors (chemical concentration) ...
... four types by the nature of the stimulus that excites them – Nociceptors (pain) – Thermoreceptors (temperature) – Mechanoreceptors (physical distortion) – Chemoreceptors (chemical concentration) ...
Document
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual
... However, in the area immediately downstream, V2, cells respond more vigorously to these stimuli than to matched control stimuli. Humans show BOLD fMRI responses in V1 and V2 that are consistent with the neuronal measurements in macaque. These fMRI measurements, as well as neurophysiological work by ...
... However, in the area immediately downstream, V2, cells respond more vigorously to these stimuli than to matched control stimuli. Humans show BOLD fMRI responses in V1 and V2 that are consistent with the neuronal measurements in macaque. These fMRI measurements, as well as neurophysiological work by ...
Pain Take Home Messages
... Vanegas, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer 2009 Science 325: 760-764 1. Many types of pain may be reduced by cannabinoids a. Endogenous cannabinoids include 2-arachydonoyl glycerol (2AG) and anandaminde (AEA) i. Lipid neurotransmitters that are synthesized on demand (activity-dependent) ii. Endocannabinoids ar ...
... Vanegas, Hanns Ulrich Zeilhofer 2009 Science 325: 760-764 1. Many types of pain may be reduced by cannabinoids a. Endogenous cannabinoids include 2-arachydonoyl glycerol (2AG) and anandaminde (AEA) i. Lipid neurotransmitters that are synthesized on demand (activity-dependent) ii. Endocannabinoids ar ...
1-1 Test Bank Liebgott: The Anatomical Basis of Dentistry, 3rd
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
... Efferent fibers. Efferent fibers are axons that carry impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands. They also are referred to as motor, or descending, fibers. Afferent fibers are axons that carry impulses toward the CNS. REF: 1-23 40. General sensory (also known as somatic sensory) pathways feat ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.