INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
... tissues below them. This enables the skin to repair itself if it is injured. As the cells approach the surface, the cytoplasm is replaced by keratin, a protein which is tough and waterproof and protects the body • Sometimes called the pigment layer because it is ...
... tissues below them. This enables the skin to repair itself if it is injured. As the cells approach the surface, the cytoplasm is replaced by keratin, a protein which is tough and waterproof and protects the body • Sometimes called the pigment layer because it is ...
Multiple Modes of Action Potential Initiation and Propagation in
... which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings were from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation point because this larger compartment was more accessible and rob ...
... which the dendritic branches were lost in the glomerular neuropil. On occasion, recordings from these smaller dendrites were possible. However, the majority of the recordings were from the main dendritic trunk close to the bifurcation point because this larger compartment was more accessible and rob ...
Principles of Endocrinology - The Central Endocrine Glands
... The mechanisms of hormone synthesis, storage, and secretion vary according to the class of hormone • Peptide hormones have precursors called preprohormones made on ribosomes of the endoplasmic recticulum (ER). Are converted to prohormones and active hormones in the Golgi complex. The Golgi complex ...
... The mechanisms of hormone synthesis, storage, and secretion vary according to the class of hormone • Peptide hormones have precursors called preprohormones made on ribosomes of the endoplasmic recticulum (ER). Are converted to prohormones and active hormones in the Golgi complex. The Golgi complex ...
Synaptic reverberation underlying mnemonic persistent activity
... (Fig. 1d). Voltage- and Ca2+-gated ion channels could in principle generate bistability between a resting state and an active state sustained by a ‘plateau potential’13,14. Activation of relevant ion currents (such as a Ca2+-activated cation current ICan) could require neuromodulatory signals such a ...
... (Fig. 1d). Voltage- and Ca2+-gated ion channels could in principle generate bistability between a resting state and an active state sustained by a ‘plateau potential’13,14. Activation of relevant ion currents (such as a Ca2+-activated cation current ICan) could require neuromodulatory signals such a ...
the biological perspective
... Why the unusual approach? Rick was born with spastic quadriplegia and cerebral palsy as the result of anoxia during birth. Unable to walk or talk, Rick learned to communicate by tapping his head against a head piece on his wheelchair when specific letters of the alphabet were highlighted on a specia ...
... Why the unusual approach? Rick was born with spastic quadriplegia and cerebral palsy as the result of anoxia during birth. Unable to walk or talk, Rick learned to communicate by tapping his head against a head piece on his wheelchair when specific letters of the alphabet were highlighted on a specia ...
Assessing the Function of Motor Cortex: Single
... and Kalaska (1997, 2003) consistently showed statistically significant changes in preferred directions across the workspace. A cell’s ‘‘PD shift’’ at one of the eight peripheral workspace locations was defined as its rotation with respect to the cell’s PD at the central location. With this conventio ...
... and Kalaska (1997, 2003) consistently showed statistically significant changes in preferred directions across the workspace. A cell’s ‘‘PD shift’’ at one of the eight peripheral workspace locations was defined as its rotation with respect to the cell’s PD at the central location. With this conventio ...
Does Loss of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors Precede Loss of
... band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD patients, immunoreactivity was globally decreasedin the nucleusba ...
... band of Broca and the nucleusbasalisof Meynert (Fig. lA-C). Within cell bodies,the reaction product wasconcentratedat the neuronal membrane and in the perinuclear area. No immunostaining was observed in the striatum. In brains from AD patients, immunoreactivity was globally decreasedin the nucleusba ...
Central Nervous System
... Action potential initiation and generation A stimulus leads to the movement of ions, which initiates an action potential in the neuron A graded potential (localized depolarization) exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive If the stimulus is st ...
... Action potential initiation and generation A stimulus leads to the movement of ions, which initiates an action potential in the neuron A graded potential (localized depolarization) exists where the inside of the membrane is more positive and the outside is less positive If the stimulus is st ...
BHG025.CHP:Corel VENTURA
... average speeds of 60 µm/h. Based on real-time images, it appears that somal translocation is a process of nucleokinesis in which the basal process first extends radially from the VZ to the pial surface, followed by nucleokinesis together with rapid reorganization of microtubules, resulting in shorte ...
... average speeds of 60 µm/h. Based on real-time images, it appears that somal translocation is a process of nucleokinesis in which the basal process first extends radially from the VZ to the pial surface, followed by nucleokinesis together with rapid reorganization of microtubules, resulting in shorte ...
65 Commentary - The Ideal DBS System The proliferation of DBS
... Current systems use a linear array of contacts (typically four) arranged as cylinders where the electrical contact spans the entire circumference. While the linear array allows for moving the electrical field up and down the long axis of the lead, they do not allow restriction of the electrical fiel ...
... Current systems use a linear array of contacts (typically four) arranged as cylinders where the electrical contact spans the entire circumference. While the linear array allows for moving the electrical field up and down the long axis of the lead, they do not allow restriction of the electrical fiel ...
Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... notable risk factor for hearing impairment that affected neonates and can also affect the brainstem [26, 27]. The brainstem auditory pathway has been shown to be very sensitive to low blood oxygen concentrations with the consequent damage in the Organ of Corti or loss of brainstem neurons, such as c ...
... notable risk factor for hearing impairment that affected neonates and can also affect the brainstem [26, 27]. The brainstem auditory pathway has been shown to be very sensitive to low blood oxygen concentrations with the consequent damage in the Organ of Corti or loss of brainstem neurons, such as c ...
Chapter 33 Nervous System
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
... Neurons are specialized nerve cells that help you gather information about your environment, interpret the information, and react to it. Neurons consist of three main regions: the dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. ...
Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cell Adhesion Molecules Induce
... cAMP, and protein kinase C have all been implicated in the cellular response (e.g., Cremins et al., 1986; Maher, 1988; Damon et al., 1990). The issue is further complicated by the evidence that different effectors of neurite growth may act through different pathways (Koizumi et al., 1988; Damon et a ...
... cAMP, and protein kinase C have all been implicated in the cellular response (e.g., Cremins et al., 1986; Maher, 1988; Damon et al., 1990). The issue is further complicated by the evidence that different effectors of neurite growth may act through different pathways (Koizumi et al., 1988; Damon et a ...
Capogna Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014
... and synaptic plasticity Few studies have clarified the inputs to BLA GABAergic cells as well as their specialized roles within the network. The PV+ interneurons receive strong excitatory inputs from P-cells of BLA but weak inputs from the cerebral cortex [45] suggesting a main role in feedback inhib ...
... and synaptic plasticity Few studies have clarified the inputs to BLA GABAergic cells as well as their specialized roles within the network. The PV+ interneurons receive strong excitatory inputs from P-cells of BLA but weak inputs from the cerebral cortex [45] suggesting a main role in feedback inhib ...
Position Selectivity in Scene- and Object-Responsive
... As in object-selective cortex, understanding the position specificity of neurons in scene-selective regions could help elucidate their functions. For example, if these regions contain neurons with RF sizes similar to LOC, this may indicate that they encode local features common to environmental scen ...
... As in object-selective cortex, understanding the position specificity of neurons in scene-selective regions could help elucidate their functions. For example, if these regions contain neurons with RF sizes similar to LOC, this may indicate that they encode local features common to environmental scen ...
Genetic Analysis of the Drosophila Ellipsoid Body
... ABSTRACT: The central complex is an important center for higher-order brain function in insects. It is an intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neurona ...
... ABSTRACT: The central complex is an important center for higher-order brain function in insects. It is an intricate neuropil composed of four substructures. Each substructure contains repeated neuronal elements which are connected by processes such that topography is maintained. Although the neurona ...
Attention induces synchronization-based response gain in steady
... rates and behavioral performance, the evidence to date has been mixed as to whether voluntary visual attention primarily affects neural activity based on contrast1,3–6,10,11, response5,7–9 or activity7 gain. The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population ...
... rates and behavioral performance, the evidence to date has been mixed as to whether voluntary visual attention primarily affects neural activity based on contrast1,3–6,10,11, response5,7–9 or activity7 gain. The three hypotheses have not previously been examined at the level of the neural population ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... By rapid changes in permeability to ions Neurons & muscles do this to generate & conduct impulses ...
... By rapid changes in permeability to ions Neurons & muscles do this to generate & conduct impulses ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connection is also unknown. It has been proposed that the NAc projec ...
... activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connection is also unknown. It has been proposed that the NAc projec ...
Orbital Frontal Cortex Slides
... • Neuronal response to rewards and punishment. Same behavioral and cognitive neuronal sequelae. • Brain areas extracting the value of choice should display reward selectivity before those areas responsible for using the value information to control behavior and cognition. ...
... • Neuronal response to rewards and punishment. Same behavioral and cognitive neuronal sequelae. • Brain areas extracting the value of choice should display reward selectivity before those areas responsible for using the value information to control behavior and cognition. ...
Zoology 242 Anatomy of Nervous systems Lecture 8
... Autonomic Nervous System • 3 major divisions described by John Langley (18521925). – Enteric – Parasympathetic – Sympathetic ...
... Autonomic Nervous System • 3 major divisions described by John Langley (18521925). – Enteric – Parasympathetic – Sympathetic ...
3 The Third-Person View of the Mind
... a greeting? Keep in mind that the brain must accomplish these tasks by using nothing more than cells that fire at different rates. At first glance, this problem of changing the sensory input into the muscle output seems overwhelmingly complicated. And when you look at it longer, it becomes even wors ...
... a greeting? Keep in mind that the brain must accomplish these tasks by using nothing more than cells that fire at different rates. At first glance, this problem of changing the sensory input into the muscle output seems overwhelmingly complicated. And when you look at it longer, it becomes even wors ...
L4- Student Copy Motor Tracts
... The motor cortex lies anterior to the central sulcus and occupies the posterior third of the frontal lobe. Motor signals from the motor cortex are sent through pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts to terminate on motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem . The activity of the lower motor neuro ...
... The motor cortex lies anterior to the central sulcus and occupies the posterior third of the frontal lobe. Motor signals from the motor cortex are sent through pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts to terminate on motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem . The activity of the lower motor neuro ...
26_1986 Wasilewska
... primates) belong to the mammalian basal ganglia. The St and GP are defined as the corpus striatum. A morphometric study of the mammalian St and GP has a long tradition and is related with different quantitative aspects. Data on the volumes of the brain and various brain parts in insectivores and pri ...
... primates) belong to the mammalian basal ganglia. The St and GP are defined as the corpus striatum. A morphometric study of the mammalian St and GP has a long tradition and is related with different quantitative aspects. Data on the volumes of the brain and various brain parts in insectivores and pri ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.