A Neural Theory of Visual Attention
... In the third main section, we apply NTVA to a wide range of findings from single-cell studies of attentional effects on visual representations in primates. The findings include attentional effects with multiple stimuli in the RF of the recorded neuron, effects with a single stimulus in the RF, and e ...
... In the third main section, we apply NTVA to a wide range of findings from single-cell studies of attentional effects on visual representations in primates. The findings include attentional effects with multiple stimuli in the RF of the recorded neuron, effects with a single stimulus in the RF, and e ...
Neural Mechanisms of Bias and Sensitivity in Hiroshi Nishida Muneyoshi Takahashi
... and shows that analyses of reaction times and neurophysiological measures can be used as convergent operations in the study of the mechanisms underlying decision making. A further component that influences the amount of initial sensory firing is the quantity of stimuli in the visual array. Using singl ...
... and shows that analyses of reaction times and neurophysiological measures can be used as convergent operations in the study of the mechanisms underlying decision making. A further component that influences the amount of initial sensory firing is the quantity of stimuli in the visual array. Using singl ...
The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of
... The brains of three adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and three adult short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), obtained from previous experimentation [Siegel et al., 1996, 1998, 1999], were used in this study. While under deep barbiturate anesthesia, the animals were perfused via the h ...
... The brains of three adult platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and three adult short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), obtained from previous experimentation [Siegel et al., 1996, 1998, 1999], were used in this study. While under deep barbiturate anesthesia, the animals were perfused via the h ...
letter - Hanks Lab
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...
... far. Contrary to current views3,5,7–9, this suggests that premotor activity in the frontal cortex does not have a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice. To probe causally the role of FOF activit ...
Slide 1
... the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech. (moral compass) – Motor cortex - section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system. ...
... the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech. (moral compass) – Motor cortex - section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system. ...
REVIEWS - Department Of Biological Sciences Hunter College
... by sequential, complex cell–cell interactions. Developing neurons extend dendrites and axons. These dendrites generate complex arborizations, the pattern of which is regulated by interactions with other dendrites derived from adjacent neurons1. Such arborizations contribute to the formation of dendr ...
... by sequential, complex cell–cell interactions. Developing neurons extend dendrites and axons. These dendrites generate complex arborizations, the pattern of which is regulated by interactions with other dendrites derived from adjacent neurons1. Such arborizations contribute to the formation of dendr ...
Corticostriatal neurons in auditory cortex drive decisions during
... auditory representations are transformed into motor commands is not known. Here we use a perceptual decision-making task in rats to study this transformation. We demonstrate the role of corticostriatal projection neurons in auditory decisions by manipulating the activity of these neurons in rats per ...
... auditory representations are transformed into motor commands is not known. Here we use a perceptual decision-making task in rats to study this transformation. We demonstrate the role of corticostriatal projection neurons in auditory decisions by manipulating the activity of these neurons in rats per ...
Linköping University Post Print Imaging phluorin-based probes at hippocampal synapses
... Identify synapses by finding points where the fluorescence intensity increases when stimulated by 40 APs at 20 Hz. Such hot-spots were found by subtracting an average baseline signal of 5 – 20 frames immediately before stimulation to 5 – 20 images directly after. ...
... Identify synapses by finding points where the fluorescence intensity increases when stimulated by 40 APs at 20 Hz. Such hot-spots were found by subtracting an average baseline signal of 5 – 20 frames immediately before stimulation to 5 – 20 images directly after. ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... Fig. 2. Construction of the temporal difference prediction error signal d in the model of Fig. 1. Left and right plots show the various key signals, including uðtÞ; marking the presentation of the stimulus, rðtÞ; the immediate reward, vðtÞ; the prediction of summed future reward, Dvðt þ 1Þ ¼ vðt þ 1 ...
... Fig. 2. Construction of the temporal difference prediction error signal d in the model of Fig. 1. Left and right plots show the various key signals, including uðtÞ; marking the presentation of the stimulus, rðtÞ; the immediate reward, vðtÞ; the prediction of summed future reward, Dvðt þ 1Þ ¼ vðt þ 1 ...
The mechanical control of nervous system development
... time scales. All of these processes are driven by forces; the development of organisms and organ systems would not proceed without mechanics. For example, during neuronal development, neurons migrate and extend immature processes (neurites), which become axons and dendrites. Axons then grow in two d ...
... time scales. All of these processes are driven by forces; the development of organisms and organ systems would not proceed without mechanics. For example, during neuronal development, neurons migrate and extend immature processes (neurites), which become axons and dendrites. Axons then grow in two d ...
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in the Brain
... one of the subjects is stimulated in such a way that his/her brain responds clearly (with a distinct evoked potential), the brain of the nonstimulated subject also reacts and shows a transferred potential of a similar morphology. The transferred potentials never occur when the subjects do not intera ...
... one of the subjects is stimulated in such a way that his/her brain responds clearly (with a distinct evoked potential), the brain of the nonstimulated subject also reacts and shows a transferred potential of a similar morphology. The transferred potentials never occur when the subjects do not intera ...
Equine Pain
... – Neurotransmitters, enzymes, other hormones – Changes in things such as lactate levels in blood are not specific indicators of pain – Damaged tissues release enzymes into blood – Values don’t necessarily reflect level of pain ...
... – Neurotransmitters, enzymes, other hormones – Changes in things such as lactate levels in blood are not specific indicators of pain – Damaged tissues release enzymes into blood – Values don’t necessarily reflect level of pain ...
Synchrony between Neurons with Similar Muscle Fields in Monkey
... good criterion for accepting PSF effects as genuine. Accordingly, 12/208 PSF effects (6%) with a PWHM ⬎ 7 ms were discarded as potentially arising from synchrony. Examples of excluded PSFs can be seen for muscle AbPL in Figure 2A. Three cells were removed from the analysis as a result of all their p ...
... good criterion for accepting PSF effects as genuine. Accordingly, 12/208 PSF effects (6%) with a PWHM ⬎ 7 ms were discarded as potentially arising from synchrony. Examples of excluded PSFs can be seen for muscle AbPL in Figure 2A. Three cells were removed from the analysis as a result of all their p ...
Signals and circuits in the Purkinje neuron NEURAL CIRCUITS Ze’ev R. Abrams
... Purkinje neurons (PN) in the cerebellum have over 100,000 inputs organized in an orthogonal geometry, and a single output channel. As the sole output of the cerebellar cortex layer, their complex firing pattern has been associated with motor control and learning. As such they have been extensively mo ...
... Purkinje neurons (PN) in the cerebellum have over 100,000 inputs organized in an orthogonal geometry, and a single output channel. As the sole output of the cerebellar cortex layer, their complex firing pattern has been associated with motor control and learning. As such they have been extensively mo ...
Testing upper motor neuron function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
... range in controls and in patients with progressive muscle atrophy or primary lateral sclerosis. In summary, significant beta-band coherence was observed in all control subjects and all patients with progressive muscular atrophy tested, but not in those with primary lateral sclerosis. The authors con ...
... range in controls and in patients with progressive muscle atrophy or primary lateral sclerosis. In summary, significant beta-band coherence was observed in all control subjects and all patients with progressive muscular atrophy tested, but not in those with primary lateral sclerosis. The authors con ...
The Nervous System
... provides for transmission of messages between the brain and the body reflexes: Automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli sensory (afferent) neurons: Neurons that transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system motor (efferent) neurons: Neurons that commun ...
... provides for transmission of messages between the brain and the body reflexes: Automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli sensory (afferent) neurons: Neurons that transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system motor (efferent) neurons: Neurons that commun ...
Sensory system evolution at the origin of craniates
... consist of thickened patches of epithelium lateral to the region of the neural crest, which give rise to most or all of the bipolar sensory neurons of the olfactory and terminal nerves (and the vomeronasal nerve in tetrapods), the taste-receptive cranial nerve components, and the vestibulocochlear a ...
... consist of thickened patches of epithelium lateral to the region of the neural crest, which give rise to most or all of the bipolar sensory neurons of the olfactory and terminal nerves (and the vomeronasal nerve in tetrapods), the taste-receptive cranial nerve components, and the vestibulocochlear a ...
Pain Control System
... of 1ry hyperalgesia facilitates (↑ed excitability) those from the area of 2ry hyperalgesia. ...
... of 1ry hyperalgesia facilitates (↑ed excitability) those from the area of 2ry hyperalgesia. ...
Optogenetics in a transparent animal: circuit function in the larval
... Recording activity with bioluminescence Recording of neuronal activity in freely moving animals has a rich history in rats [55] and other animals, and has the obvious advantage of capturing neuronal activity while the test subject is in its natural state. A recent technique permits completely non-in ...
... Recording activity with bioluminescence Recording of neuronal activity in freely moving animals has a rich history in rats [55] and other animals, and has the obvious advantage of capturing neuronal activity while the test subject is in its natural state. A recent technique permits completely non-in ...
Histological Rearrangement in the Facial Nerve and Central Nuclei
... distributed diffusely in both the hypoglossal and facial nuclei without specific localization. If the RFNB was cut (2 animals in each group) prior to application of HRP, no HRP-labelled neurons could be found in the facial nucleus. Animals with no RFNB demonstrated a similar ...
... distributed diffusely in both the hypoglossal and facial nuclei without specific localization. If the RFNB was cut (2 animals in each group) prior to application of HRP, no HRP-labelled neurons could be found in the facial nucleus. Animals with no RFNB demonstrated a similar ...
Pacemaker Potentials for the Periodic Burst Discharge in the Heart
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
... ABSTRACT From somata of the pacemaker neurons in the Squilla heart ganglion, pacemaker potentials for the spontaneous periodic burst discharge are recorded with intracellular electrodes. The electrical activity is composed of slow potentials and superimposed spikes, and is divided into four types, w ...
Urinary System Physiology
... (hyponatremia) is low or when K+ (hyperkalemia) is high. Also at play (low PB) may be reninangiotensin pathway. Angiotensin targets adrenal cortex and promotes release of aldosterone. – Aldosterone targets distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct promoting reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ ...
... (hyponatremia) is low or when K+ (hyperkalemia) is high. Also at play (low PB) may be reninangiotensin pathway. Angiotensin targets adrenal cortex and promotes release of aldosterone. – Aldosterone targets distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct promoting reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ ...
Chapter 39 – Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
... All organisms, including plants, have the ability to receive specific environmental and internal signals and respond to them in ways that enhance survival and reproductive success. ...
... All organisms, including plants, have the ability to receive specific environmental and internal signals and respond to them in ways that enhance survival and reproductive success. ...
DNA Replication Precedes Neuronal Cell Death
... with previous findings. During a normal cell cycle, both PCNA and cyclin B are found in the nucleus, although both are known to shuttle in and out of the cytoplasm at other times. The reason for their predominantly cytoplasmic location in the Alzheimer’s disease brain is unknown. The expression of t ...
... with previous findings. During a normal cell cycle, both PCNA and cyclin B are found in the nucleus, although both are known to shuttle in and out of the cytoplasm at other times. The reason for their predominantly cytoplasmic location in the Alzheimer’s disease brain is unknown. The expression of t ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.