Affective percept and voluntary action: A hypothesis
... systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish food affective stimuli, esthetic affective stimuli, etc. Different affective stimuli evoke the corresponding affective percepts and the latter can be divided according to the same four criteria. The division of affective percepts according to criteria 1 and ...
... systems. Accordingly, we will distinguish food affective stimuli, esthetic affective stimuli, etc. Different affective stimuli evoke the corresponding affective percepts and the latter can be divided according to the same four criteria. The division of affective percepts according to criteria 1 and ...
Appendix
... for i = 1, . . . , n − 1, where ISIi = tsi − tsi−1 , A is the synaptic strength (assumed to be equal among synaptic events), and (vi , wi ) are the dynamical variables just before the arrival of the synaptic event at time tsi . The voltage variable after the last spike of the train is calculated as ...
... for i = 1, . . . , n − 1, where ISIi = tsi − tsi−1 , A is the synaptic strength (assumed to be equal among synaptic events), and (vi , wi ) are the dynamical variables just before the arrival of the synaptic event at time tsi . The voltage variable after the last spike of the train is calculated as ...
system quanta as discrete units of behavior
... Trigger mechanisms. The activity of system quantum originates after excitability of elements forming it achieves certain critical level (Fig. 2). Activity of system quanta proceeds until the initial need is satisfied. The most investigated are the trigger mechanisms of system quanta of behavior. Bi ...
... Trigger mechanisms. The activity of system quantum originates after excitability of elements forming it achieves certain critical level (Fig. 2). Activity of system quanta proceeds until the initial need is satisfied. The most investigated are the trigger mechanisms of system quanta of behavior. Bi ...
Hunger Modulates the Responses to Gustatory Stimuli
... 1. In order to determine whether the responsiveness of neurons in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (a secondary cortical gustatory area) is influenced by hunger, the activity evoked by prototypical taste stimuli (glucose, NaCI, HCI, and quinine hydrochloride) and fruit juice was recorded in sin ...
... 1. In order to determine whether the responsiveness of neurons in the caudolateral orbitofrontal cortex (a secondary cortical gustatory area) is influenced by hunger, the activity evoked by prototypical taste stimuli (glucose, NaCI, HCI, and quinine hydrochloride) and fruit juice was recorded in sin ...
Chapter 3 - University of South Alabama
... Neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminals and they disturb the membrane of the postsynaptic cell so that ions flow across the cell membrane membrane. _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell less negative or ...
... Neurotransmitters are released at the axon terminals and they disturb the membrane of the postsynaptic cell so that ions flow across the cell membrane membrane. _____________ synapse – the net flow of ions make the cell less negative or ...
Timescales of Inference in Visual Adaptation
... Adaptation—a stimulus- or activity-driven change in a system’s input-output relation—is a nearly universal feature of neural systems. Sensory systems have a particularly acute need for adaptive coding. For example, the photon flux reaching a glacier climber’s retina from sunlit snow can be 1,000 tim ...
... Adaptation—a stimulus- or activity-driven change in a system’s input-output relation—is a nearly universal feature of neural systems. Sensory systems have a particularly acute need for adaptive coding. For example, the photon flux reaching a glacier climber’s retina from sunlit snow can be 1,000 tim ...
Development and function of human cerebral cortex neural networks
... expressed in stem cell-derived cortical systems. This showed that many of the major subunits of the NMDA and AMPA receptors were expressed (Fig. 4A,B). Notably, the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit that is mostly expressed in the adult brain (Sheng et al., 1994) was detected from as early as week 4, and w ...
... expressed in stem cell-derived cortical systems. This showed that many of the major subunits of the NMDA and AMPA receptors were expressed (Fig. 4A,B). Notably, the NR2A NMDA receptor subunit that is mostly expressed in the adult brain (Sheng et al., 1994) was detected from as early as week 4, and w ...
Effects of Correlated Input on Development of Structure in an
... of membrane potential and neuritic field radius. If there is a steady state for a particular set of neuron parameters, the input can push the neuron away from it. Again we see that when the strength of the input is high, the maximum radii of the neurons is limited. As such, we decide to increase the ...
... of membrane potential and neuritic field radius. If there is a steady state for a particular set of neuron parameters, the input can push the neuron away from it. Again we see that when the strength of the input is high, the maximum radii of the neurons is limited. As such, we decide to increase the ...
Module 2
... What area of cerebral cortex in experimental animal was injured to cause smell disorder? ...
... What area of cerebral cortex in experimental animal was injured to cause smell disorder? ...
THE BASAL GANGLIA
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
A Model of Distributed Sensorimotor Control in the Cockroach
... The leg movements of the simulated body were controlled by a neural network model of the entire escape circuit. Where sufficient data was available, the structure of this network was constrained appropriately. The first layer of this circuit was described in the previous section and is prevented fro ...
... The leg movements of the simulated body were controlled by a neural network model of the entire escape circuit. Where sufficient data was available, the structure of this network was constrained appropriately. The first layer of this circuit was described in the previous section and is prevented fro ...
A Cellular Structure for Online Routing of Digital Spiking Neuron
... not only revived the field of intrinsic evolvable hardware, but also showed the power of evolutionary cellular systems on FPGAs. Different cellular developmental systems for FPGAs have been designed by Haddow and Tufte, Liu, Miller and Tyrrell, and many others that are reviewed in [7]. Upegui and Sanc ...
... not only revived the field of intrinsic evolvable hardware, but also showed the power of evolutionary cellular systems on FPGAs. Different cellular developmental systems for FPGAs have been designed by Haddow and Tufte, Liu, Miller and Tyrrell, and many others that are reviewed in [7]. Upegui and Sanc ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... specific (∼25 % activating odors) than l-PNs (∼50 %), albeit tested at the highest stimulus concentration (pure odors). The general result of a rather broad odor tuning at the level of PNs has been observed in different insect species (Wilson et al. 2004; Schlief and Wilson 2007; Perez-Orive et al. ...
... specific (∼25 % activating odors) than l-PNs (∼50 %), albeit tested at the highest stimulus concentration (pure odors). The general result of a rather broad odor tuning at the level of PNs has been observed in different insect species (Wilson et al. 2004; Schlief and Wilson 2007; Perez-Orive et al. ...
(SCI) patients in the United States
... experimentation on nervous system tissue occurred. During this time, Giovanni Aldini conducted experiments on the brains of oxen and spinal cord of decapitated criminals. These experiments causing slight contractions in muscles, proving electricity could be applied centrally with peripheral effects. ...
... experimentation on nervous system tissue occurred. During this time, Giovanni Aldini conducted experiments on the brains of oxen and spinal cord of decapitated criminals. These experiments causing slight contractions in muscles, proving electricity could be applied centrally with peripheral effects. ...
THE BASAL GANGLIA
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
... functional and morphological segregation is rather strictly maintained. Each circuit is thought to engage separate regions of the basal ganglia and thalamus, and the output of each appears to be centered on a different type of the frontal lobe: the "motor" circuit is focuses on the precentral motor ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
... The goal of the present application is to determine the action of purinergic neurotransmission, especially that mediated by P2X4 receptors, in brain areas related to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol. My portion of the project involves the investigation of the interaction of ATP an ...
... The goal of the present application is to determine the action of purinergic neurotransmission, especially that mediated by P2X4 receptors, in brain areas related to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol. My portion of the project involves the investigation of the interaction of ATP an ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... uncovering spatiotemporal trial-to-trial variability of sensory responses in barrel cortex and visual cortex. By revealing spike sequences in neuronal populations on a fast time scale, high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
... uncovering spatiotemporal trial-to-trial variability of sensory responses in barrel cortex and visual cortex. By revealing spike sequences in neuronal populations on a fast time scale, high-speed calcium imaging will facilitate optical studies of information processing in brain microcircuits. ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson`s disease
... researchers. This concern stems from the known oncogenes utilised in the reprogramming of iPSCs, including Myc and Klf4. Other genes involved in generation of iPSCs, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, are also linked to tumourigenesis.9 Of note, a canonical tumour suppressor, p53, is closely related to the gener ...
... researchers. This concern stems from the known oncogenes utilised in the reprogramming of iPSCs, including Myc and Klf4. Other genes involved in generation of iPSCs, Nanog, Sox2 and Oct4, are also linked to tumourigenesis.9 Of note, a canonical tumour suppressor, p53, is closely related to the gener ...
L-E Chap 6 2016
... When describing pathways in the nervous system, only the neurons with long axons that connect distant regions of the nervous system (projection neurons) are counted. A tract is the bundle of axons with the same origin and a common termination. Somatosensory pathways are often named for the origin an ...
... When describing pathways in the nervous system, only the neurons with long axons that connect distant regions of the nervous system (projection neurons) are counted. A tract is the bundle of axons with the same origin and a common termination. Somatosensory pathways are often named for the origin an ...
The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Reflexes
... and skeletal muscle, but at the same time, it reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract. Cannon referred to extreme sympathetic responses as the “fight or flight” reaction because they come into play when an animal must attack, defend itself, or flee from danger. In our own lives, this reac ...
... and skeletal muscle, but at the same time, it reduces blood flow to the skin and digestive tract. Cannon referred to extreme sympathetic responses as the “fight or flight” reaction because they come into play when an animal must attack, defend itself, or flee from danger. In our own lives, this reac ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... might form the anatomic basis for a spatial map of olfactory information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge fro ...
... might form the anatomic basis for a spatial map of olfactory information? Odorant stimuli are received from the environment by receptors on olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge fro ...
Evidence for a modulatory effect of sulbutiamine on
... in the prefrontal cortex. In the cingular cortex, DA and DOPAC levels were decreased (234 and 226%, respectively), as compared to control animals. Finally, no change in dopaminergic transmission was observed in the nucleus accumbens. The decreased levels of DOPAC suggest a reduced release of DA in t ...
... in the prefrontal cortex. In the cingular cortex, DA and DOPAC levels were decreased (234 and 226%, respectively), as compared to control animals. Finally, no change in dopaminergic transmission was observed in the nucleus accumbens. The decreased levels of DOPAC suggest a reduced release of DA in t ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... Loewi (1921), and Dale (1934) first elaborated on the concept that epinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh)2 are released from the neuron and may be able to transmit signals toward target cells. Today, our knowledge of how information is conveyed chemically from one cell to another has been heavily influ ...
... Loewi (1921), and Dale (1934) first elaborated on the concept that epinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh)2 are released from the neuron and may be able to transmit signals toward target cells. Today, our knowledge of how information is conveyed chemically from one cell to another has been heavily influ ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.