Princeton-Learning
... 36. Latent learning is best described by which of the following? (A) Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations (B) Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns (C) Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time (D) Delayed responses ...
... 36. Latent learning is best described by which of the following? (A) Innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations (B) Unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns (C) Response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time (D) Delayed responses ...
Physiology with elements of clinical physiology
... Physiology with elements of clinical physiology course is designed to provide students with understanding of physiological mechanisms of human body functions, at the cellular and organ level as well as integrative functioning of the human body. Course content will include neural and hormonal homeost ...
... Physiology with elements of clinical physiology course is designed to provide students with understanding of physiological mechanisms of human body functions, at the cellular and organ level as well as integrative functioning of the human body. Course content will include neural and hormonal homeost ...
The Neural Basis of the Object Concept in Ambiguous and
... Schillen and König (1994) investigate the synchronization properties of an oscillator network for a stimulus that is uniform in one feature dimension (orientation), but differs in two others (features dimensions chosen are orientation, disparity and color). It turned out that the oscillators receiv ...
... Schillen and König (1994) investigate the synchronization properties of an oscillator network for a stimulus that is uniform in one feature dimension (orientation), but differs in two others (features dimensions chosen are orientation, disparity and color). It turned out that the oscillators receiv ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck & Axel, 1991). Insect odor receptors are however structurally, and genetically unrelated to their vertebrate counterparts (reviewed by Kaup, 2010). Most odor receptor in insects is served ...
... receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck & Axel, 1991). Insect odor receptors are however structurally, and genetically unrelated to their vertebrate counterparts (reviewed by Kaup, 2010). Most odor receptor in insects is served ...
Physiology with elements of clinical physiology Physiology with
... Physiology with elements of clinical physiology Physiology with elements of clinical physiology course is designed to provide students with understanding of physiological mechanisms of human body functions, at the cellular and organ level as well as integrative functioning of the human body. Course ...
... Physiology with elements of clinical physiology Physiology with elements of clinical physiology course is designed to provide students with understanding of physiological mechanisms of human body functions, at the cellular and organ level as well as integrative functioning of the human body. Course ...
Nervous System PPT
... Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges Neurons have a membranes that separate its cytoplasm inside from extracellular fluids outside Neuron has a lot of K+ but little Na+; opposite of extracellular fluid; membrane allows for these ions to move in and out of the cell 3.01 Remember the ...
... Nerves carry impulses by creating electric charges Neurons have a membranes that separate its cytoplasm inside from extracellular fluids outside Neuron has a lot of K+ but little Na+; opposite of extracellular fluid; membrane allows for these ions to move in and out of the cell 3.01 Remember the ...
HTM Neuron paper 12-1
... properties of dendrites enable neurons to recognize multiple patterns. In this paper we extend this idea by showing that a neuron with several thousand synapses arranged along active dendrites can learn to accurately and robustly recognize hundreds of unique patterns of cellular activity, even in th ...
... properties of dendrites enable neurons to recognize multiple patterns. In this paper we extend this idea by showing that a neuron with several thousand synapses arranged along active dendrites can learn to accurately and robustly recognize hundreds of unique patterns of cellular activity, even in th ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... All simulations are carried out using a network of 1000 spiking neurons described in detail by Izhikevich (2006), who provides the MATLAB and C code. The code is also available on the author’s web page www.izhikevich.com. The network has 80% excitatory neurons of the regular spiking type and 20% inh ...
... All simulations are carried out using a network of 1000 spiking neurons described in detail by Izhikevich (2006), who provides the MATLAB and C code. The code is also available on the author’s web page www.izhikevich.com. The network has 80% excitatory neurons of the regular spiking type and 20% inh ...
Thalamus Notes
... severely impaired. The sensations recovered are poorly localized and are accompanied by an unpleasant feeling (i.e. thalamic syndrome). Though the threshold of excitability is raised on the affected side, tactile and thermal stimuli, previously not unpleasant, evoke disagreeable sensations. Both phy ...
... severely impaired. The sensations recovered are poorly localized and are accompanied by an unpleasant feeling (i.e. thalamic syndrome). Though the threshold of excitability is raised on the affected side, tactile and thermal stimuli, previously not unpleasant, evoke disagreeable sensations. Both phy ...
No Binocular Rivalry in the LGN of Alert Macaque Monkeys
... angle until there was no change in eye position when the fixation spot switched eye. This was repeated with the fixation spot located at three noncolinear points in the visual field. During data collection, fixation spots were always visible to both eyes. The stimuli were drifting sinusoidal grating ...
... angle until there was no change in eye position when the fixation spot switched eye. This was repeated with the fixation spot located at three noncolinear points in the visual field. During data collection, fixation spots were always visible to both eyes. The stimuli were drifting sinusoidal grating ...
Growth arrest specific gene 7 is associated with schizophrenia and
... EMX1-positive, indicating that they were cortical pyramidal neurons (Additional file 2: Figure S2B). When neurons were transfected with shRNA, significant reductions in both axonal and dendritic branching were observed at DIV7. This effect could be rescued by co-transfection of a shRNA-resistant for ...
... EMX1-positive, indicating that they were cortical pyramidal neurons (Additional file 2: Figure S2B). When neurons were transfected with shRNA, significant reductions in both axonal and dendritic branching were observed at DIV7. This effect could be rescued by co-transfection of a shRNA-resistant for ...
Spinal Cord Diseases of the Horse: Relevant Examination
... vertebrae, this foramen is at the cranial end of each vertebra. For the remaining roots, the foramina are at the caudal end. The more caudal spinal cord segments have long nerve roots because the spinal cord segments are shifted cranially with respect to the vertebrae. The neurons of the afferent (s ...
... vertebrae, this foramen is at the cranial end of each vertebra. For the remaining roots, the foramina are at the caudal end. The more caudal spinal cord segments have long nerve roots because the spinal cord segments are shifted cranially with respect to the vertebrae. The neurons of the afferent (s ...
Figure 4.8 The human brain stem This composite structure extends
... – Running thru the midbrain is the hollow cerebral aqueduct which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain. – The roof of the aqueduct (the tectum) contains the corpora quadrigemina • 2 superior colliculi that control reflex movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli ...
... – Running thru the midbrain is the hollow cerebral aqueduct which connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles of the brain. – The roof of the aqueduct (the tectum) contains the corpora quadrigemina • 2 superior colliculi that control reflex movements of the eyes, head and neck in response to visual stimuli ...
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the
... volume (Tisserand et al., 2002) and neuronal morphology (de Brabander et al., 1998). Similar changes, including synaptic atrophy, reductions in dendritic spine density, and loss of neurons have been detected in non-human primates (Peters et al., 1998; Dumitriu et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2004). Neur ...
... volume (Tisserand et al., 2002) and neuronal morphology (de Brabander et al., 1998). Similar changes, including synaptic atrophy, reductions in dendritic spine density, and loss of neurons have been detected in non-human primates (Peters et al., 1998; Dumitriu et al., 2010; Smith et al., 2004). Neur ...
full text pdf
... terminals. It has been postulated that mature and immature isoforms of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) can act as such stabilizing and destabilizing feedback signals, respectively (Je et al., 2012). Weak axon branches are systematically destabilized. They contain fewer stabilizing cytoskele ...
... terminals. It has been postulated that mature and immature isoforms of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) can act as such stabilizing and destabilizing feedback signals, respectively (Je et al., 2012). Weak axon branches are systematically destabilized. They contain fewer stabilizing cytoskele ...
OPTOGENETIC STUDY OF THE PROJECTIONS FROM THE BED
... around 85% of the cells fired below 4 Hz and the group average was around 2-3 Hz (Haufler et ...
... around 85% of the cells fired below 4 Hz and the group average was around 2-3 Hz (Haufler et ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... al., 1998; Destexhe et al., 1998); however, the distribution and properties of these channels are unknown. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic recording would allow investigation of the site(s) of action potential generation in TC neurons (Stuart et al., 1997b). Furthermore, once generated, action po ...
... al., 1998; Destexhe et al., 1998); however, the distribution and properties of these channels are unknown. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic recording would allow investigation of the site(s) of action potential generation in TC neurons (Stuart et al., 1997b). Furthermore, once generated, action po ...
Zebrafish and motor control over the last decade
... 2005). Finally, another major advantage is the similarities to networks in Xenopus tadpoles, which are already reasonably well understood based upon decades of study (Roberts, 2000; Roberts et al., 1998). This has allowed more directed questions about cell types whose structure and transmitter pheno ...
... 2005). Finally, another major advantage is the similarities to networks in Xenopus tadpoles, which are already reasonably well understood based upon decades of study (Roberts, 2000; Roberts et al., 1998). This has allowed more directed questions about cell types whose structure and transmitter pheno ...
asgn2a -- NERVOUS SYSTEM - Indiana University Bloomington
... Q6A. carries neural signals reliably from over long distances. Q6B. axon terminal of one neuron, dendritic membrane of another neuron, and tiny cleft between them. Q6C. connection from one neuron to another. Q6D. combines signals from many other neurons. Q6E. the sending part of the connection from ...
... Q6A. carries neural signals reliably from over long distances. Q6B. axon terminal of one neuron, dendritic membrane of another neuron, and tiny cleft between them. Q6C. connection from one neuron to another. Q6D. combines signals from many other neurons. Q6E. the sending part of the connection from ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1205
... First, they incorporate the finding that gr Pkj synapses decrease in strength (long-term depression or LTD) when they are active during a climbing fiber input to the Purkinje cell15, 16. In this way, the air puffactivated climbing fiber serves as a signal to decrease the strength of tone-activated s ...
... First, they incorporate the finding that gr Pkj synapses decrease in strength (long-term depression or LTD) when they are active during a climbing fiber input to the Purkinje cell15, 16. In this way, the air puffactivated climbing fiber serves as a signal to decrease the strength of tone-activated s ...
Hyperstiffness
... • Fractionation is the ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles. • Interruption of lateral corticospinal signals prevents fractionation, profoundly affecting the ability to use the hand. ...
... • Fractionation is the ability to activate individual muscles independently of other muscles. • Interruption of lateral corticospinal signals prevents fractionation, profoundly affecting the ability to use the hand. ...
Motor Systems - Neuroanatomy
... Reflexes are short latency, relatively automatic responses to sensory stimulation. Spinal reflexes are a basic building block of movement. Dorsal root inputs provide the sensory input for spinal reflexes, and the LMNs provide the motor output pathway. One of the simplest and best studied reflexes is ...
... Reflexes are short latency, relatively automatic responses to sensory stimulation. Spinal reflexes are a basic building block of movement. Dorsal root inputs provide the sensory input for spinal reflexes, and the LMNs provide the motor output pathway. One of the simplest and best studied reflexes is ...
Neurons in Action: Passive Axon Tutorial
... Now let’s test this prediction ie. What would be the effect on the length constant of increasing the axon diameter by four-fold? In the Passive Axon Parameters panel, increase the axon diameter four-fold. Restore the leakage conductance to the default value of 0.0003 mho/cm2. An axon with a larger d ...
... Now let’s test this prediction ie. What would be the effect on the length constant of increasing the axon diameter by four-fold? In the Passive Axon Parameters panel, increase the axon diameter four-fold. Restore the leakage conductance to the default value of 0.0003 mho/cm2. An axon with a larger d ...
PDF file
... The primate visual pathways have been extensively investigated in neuroscience: branching primarily from V2, two primary pathways exist, called the dorsal pathway and the ventral pathway, respectively. The dorsal stream begins with V1, through V2, the dorsomedial area and MT (also known as V5), to t ...
... The primate visual pathways have been extensively investigated in neuroscience: branching primarily from V2, two primary pathways exist, called the dorsal pathway and the ventral pathway, respectively. The dorsal stream begins with V1, through V2, the dorsomedial area and MT (also known as V5), to t ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.