14.10 Insight 775 Gilbert
... Poggio et al.5 on visual hyperacuity. Poggio et al.5 proposed a threelayers feedforward network (Fig. 2b), the input layer of which consists of a small number of gaussian filters (receptive fields) that transform any input pattern into a vector of activity levels by convolving the input with the cor ...
... Poggio et al.5 on visual hyperacuity. Poggio et al.5 proposed a threelayers feedforward network (Fig. 2b), the input layer of which consists of a small number of gaussian filters (receptive fields) that transform any input pattern into a vector of activity levels by convolving the input with the cor ...
extrasynaptic glutamate does not reach the postsynaptic density
... density (PSD) and activates only extrasynaptic receptors, modulating the excitability of the neurons. The inhibition of excitability of the CA1 neurons by Glu can be related at least partially to the activation of metabotropic (mGlu) receptors. According to Garaschuk et al. [20], ACPD, selective ago ...
... density (PSD) and activates only extrasynaptic receptors, modulating the excitability of the neurons. The inhibition of excitability of the CA1 neurons by Glu can be related at least partially to the activation of metabotropic (mGlu) receptors. According to Garaschuk et al. [20], ACPD, selective ago ...
A1 - 58 - University of Pittsburgh
... When the action potentials arrive at the muscle cell, they must first bridge the synapse between neuron and muscle cell via acetylcholine, the same neurotransmitter that allowed the signal to jump between neurons. When acetylcholine reaches the cell membrane of the muscle, it binds to post-synaptic ...
... When the action potentials arrive at the muscle cell, they must first bridge the synapse between neuron and muscle cell via acetylcholine, the same neurotransmitter that allowed the signal to jump between neurons. When acetylcholine reaches the cell membrane of the muscle, it binds to post-synaptic ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
... the recording electrode (Zhou and Hablitz 1996). After electrophysiological recordings, brain slices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB) at 4°C overnight. Without resectioning, slices were then processed for visualization of neurobiotin-filled neurons. Endogenous peroxid ...
Sympathetic Division (cont)
... Superior Mesenteric: small intestine Inferior Mesenteric: large intestine, kidneys, bladder, sex organs Postganglionic plexuses Depresses visceral processes ...
... Superior Mesenteric: small intestine Inferior Mesenteric: large intestine, kidneys, bladder, sex organs Postganglionic plexuses Depresses visceral processes ...
Receptive Fields and Binaural Interactions for Virtual
... insertion of acoustic assemblies. A small hole was drilled into each bulla, and a 60-cm plastic tube (0.9 mm ID) was inserted to prevent static pressure build-up in the middle ear. The animal was placed in a double-walled, electrically shielded, sound-proof room. The dorsal surface of the IC was exp ...
... insertion of acoustic assemblies. A small hole was drilled into each bulla, and a 60-cm plastic tube (0.9 mm ID) was inserted to prevent static pressure build-up in the middle ear. The animal was placed in a double-walled, electrically shielded, sound-proof room. The dorsal surface of the IC was exp ...
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING A
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
... (CS) capable of evoking a conditioned response (CR) (Rescorla, 1988). In this fundamental form of learning the CS does not just evoke an automatic CR but is endowed with motivational value much like the US, such that the CS can support new learning (Gewirtz & Davis, 2000; Rizley & Rescorla, 1972). C ...
How do Migraines Happen
... a wave of intense nerve cell activity that spreads through an unusually large swath of the cortex (the furrowed, outer layer of the brain), especially the areas that control vision. This hyperexcitable phase is followed by a wave of widespread, and relatively prolonged, neuronal inhibition. During t ...
... a wave of intense nerve cell activity that spreads through an unusually large swath of the cortex (the furrowed, outer layer of the brain), especially the areas that control vision. This hyperexcitable phase is followed by a wave of widespread, and relatively prolonged, neuronal inhibition. During t ...
Visual signals in the dorsolateral pontine nucleus of the alert
... response was related to the size of the test spot stimulus. For a 1.7 deg test spot moving at about 0.4 Hz + 10 deg, the amplitude of the burst was 283 spikes/s (Fig. 1A). When a 0.6 deg test spot was moved at the same frequency and amplitude, the cell exhibited a peak discharge rate of 176 spikes/s ...
... response was related to the size of the test spot stimulus. For a 1.7 deg test spot moving at about 0.4 Hz + 10 deg, the amplitude of the burst was 283 spikes/s (Fig. 1A). When a 0.6 deg test spot was moved at the same frequency and amplitude, the cell exhibited a peak discharge rate of 176 spikes/s ...
choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation
... activity from premotor signals, which might reflect the outcome of a decision but not the process of deliberation itself. To distinguish these alternatives, we must look at factors that affect decision making but that are not necessarily expressed in the motor response. For example, decisions vary i ...
... activity from premotor signals, which might reflect the outcome of a decision but not the process of deliberation itself. To distinguish these alternatives, we must look at factors that affect decision making but that are not necessarily expressed in the motor response. For example, decisions vary i ...
CONTROL OF FOOD INTAKE: NEUROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS S
... Various sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, taste receptors, chemoreceptors) are located all along the alimentary canal, transmitting meal-related signals to the brainstem via primary afferent fibres in the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. S ...
... Various sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, taste receptors, chemoreceptors) are located all along the alimentary canal, transmitting meal-related signals to the brainstem via primary afferent fibres in the trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) nerves. S ...
The Nervous System
... Fasciculus gracilis (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Lumbar spinal cord ...
... Fasciculus gracilis (axon of first-order sensory neuron) Lumbar spinal cord ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... study of neural systems: “What does the system do?” and its logical companion and does the system do this?” sequel, “How Answering the first question involves the ability to predict the system response to any stimulus, and it is therefore usually carried out through the performance of suitable stimu ...
... study of neural systems: “What does the system do?” and its logical companion and does the system do this?” sequel, “How Answering the first question involves the ability to predict the system response to any stimulus, and it is therefore usually carried out through the performance of suitable stimu ...
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural
... cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (ChR2)2,3. The magnitude of Arch-mediated photocurrents was large. At low light irradiances of 0.35 and 1.28 mW mm22 (Fig. 1f, left), neural Arch currents were 120 and 189 pA, respectively; at higher light powers (for example, at which ...
... cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (ChR2)2,3. The magnitude of Arch-mediated photocurrents was large. At low light irradiances of 0.35 and 1.28 mW mm22 (Fig. 1f, left), neural Arch currents were 120 and 189 pA, respectively; at higher light powers (for example, at which ...
Peripheral Nervous System
... Cutaneous Reflexes • Abdominal Reflex – Drawing in of the abdominal wall in response to stroking the side of the abdomen – T9-T12 spinal nerves and segments of the spinal cord ...
... Cutaneous Reflexes • Abdominal Reflex – Drawing in of the abdominal wall in response to stroking the side of the abdomen – T9-T12 spinal nerves and segments of the spinal cord ...
Analysis of Firing Correlations Between Sympathetic Premotor
... does not affect sympathetic activity or blood pressure, raises some question about the nature of this synaptic driving input in this species (Sun and Guyenet 1987; Trzebski and Baradziej 1992). However, bilateral microinjections of the synaptic blocker, cobalt chloride, into the RVLM of cats markedl ...
... does not affect sympathetic activity or blood pressure, raises some question about the nature of this synaptic driving input in this species (Sun and Guyenet 1987; Trzebski and Baradziej 1992). However, bilateral microinjections of the synaptic blocker, cobalt chloride, into the RVLM of cats markedl ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... • Recall from the Learning Chapter that the NMDA channel requires the neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to remove the Mg+ (magnesium) ions that otherwise block the channel. This activity-dependent nature of the NMDA channel makes it ideally suited to providing a "switched" or dynamically gated f ...
... • Recall from the Learning Chapter that the NMDA channel requires the neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to remove the Mg+ (magnesium) ions that otherwise block the channel. This activity-dependent nature of the NMDA channel makes it ideally suited to providing a "switched" or dynamically gated f ...
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System
... by the size of the gradient of the induced electric field and the passive space constant in the axon fiber (l). Thus, for an axon fiber with spatially homogenous passive parameters, the major factor determining the shape of the membrane potential change, and thus the location of AP initiation during ...
... by the size of the gradient of the induced electric field and the passive space constant in the axon fiber (l). Thus, for an axon fiber with spatially homogenous passive parameters, the major factor determining the shape of the membrane potential change, and thus the location of AP initiation during ...
A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... recordings from soma (blue) and dendritic tree (black and red). (Right, top) Simulated distal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) with dendritic current injection (Istim, red) causes no dendritic spike (red) and has virtually no impact at the cell body (blue). (Right, middle) A somatic action p ...
... recordings from soma (blue) and dendritic tree (black and red). (Right, top) Simulated distal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) with dendritic current injection (Istim, red) causes no dendritic spike (red) and has virtually no impact at the cell body (blue). (Right, middle) A somatic action p ...
The Neural Basis of the Object Concept in Ambiguous and
... Schillen and König (1994) investigate the synchronization properties of an oscillator network for a stimulus that is uniform in one feature dimension (orientation), but differs in two others (features dimensions chosen are orientation, disparity and color). It turned out that the oscillators receiv ...
... Schillen and König (1994) investigate the synchronization properties of an oscillator network for a stimulus that is uniform in one feature dimension (orientation), but differs in two others (features dimensions chosen are orientation, disparity and color). It turned out that the oscillators receiv ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.