Acetylcholine - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... source of cholinergic innervation to the telencephalon (Fig. 1.1), was thought to be involved in arousal or sleep regulation. Either lesions or electric stimulation of subregions of the basal forebrain can facilitate sleep and synchronize the EEG, and cholinergic drugs regulate EEG synchrony (33). M ...
... source of cholinergic innervation to the telencephalon (Fig. 1.1), was thought to be involved in arousal or sleep regulation. Either lesions or electric stimulation of subregions of the basal forebrain can facilitate sleep and synchronize the EEG, and cholinergic drugs regulate EEG synchrony (33). M ...
Nerve Conduction Studies - Cumbria Partnership NHS Foundation
... How do nerves work? Nerves act a bit like electrical cables. They use waves of electricity (electrical impulses) to allow communication between the brain and all the other parts of the body. The brain can send signals, in the form of electrical impulses via the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous ...
... How do nerves work? Nerves act a bit like electrical cables. They use waves of electricity (electrical impulses) to allow communication between the brain and all the other parts of the body. The brain can send signals, in the form of electrical impulses via the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous ...
Slide 1
... efferent neurons of the VIIIth nerve (vestibuloacoustic), which are in the floor plate (fp) of r4 at the stage shown. Shown on the left side are somatic motor neurons, forming in r1 (IVth nerve, trochlear), r5+r6 (VIth nerve, abducens), and r8 (XIIth nerve, hypoglossal). Cranial nerve entry/exit poi ...
... efferent neurons of the VIIIth nerve (vestibuloacoustic), which are in the floor plate (fp) of r4 at the stage shown. Shown on the left side are somatic motor neurons, forming in r1 (IVth nerve, trochlear), r5+r6 (VIth nerve, abducens), and r8 (XIIth nerve, hypoglossal). Cranial nerve entry/exit poi ...
Dissecting appetite
... — mice that should have been hungry after sleeping most of the day lost all interest in food. It was as if they got a signal that said “I’m not hungry after all,” says Palmiter. “Flicking off the laser made the mice hungry again.” When these neurons were repeatedly stimulated at 12-hour intervals fo ...
... — mice that should have been hungry after sleeping most of the day lost all interest in food. It was as if they got a signal that said “I’m not hungry after all,” says Palmiter. “Flicking off the laser made the mice hungry again.” When these neurons were repeatedly stimulated at 12-hour intervals fo ...
A hitchhiker`s guide to the nervous system: the - IGMM
... The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a neurovascular filtering system that allows the brain to be supplied with nutrients such as oxygen and glucose while being protected from potentially toxic molecules that are present in the blood. Under ‘normal’ physiological conditions, the BBB does not allow agent ...
... The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a neurovascular filtering system that allows the brain to be supplied with nutrients such as oxygen and glucose while being protected from potentially toxic molecules that are present in the blood. Under ‘normal’ physiological conditions, the BBB does not allow agent ...
Functional features of the rat subicular microcircuits studied in vitro
... In contrast to principal glutamatergic neurons, much less is known about subicular GABAergic cells. There are few data on their electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical properties [30,38,43,55,64,72]. Most of the assumption of their GABAergic nature derives from their typical fast-spiki ...
... In contrast to principal glutamatergic neurons, much less is known about subicular GABAergic cells. There are few data on their electrophysiological, morphological and neurochemical properties [30,38,43,55,64,72]. Most of the assumption of their GABAergic nature derives from their typical fast-spiki ...
Raven Ch
... (EPSP). How would these differ at an inhibitory synapse? Answer— Action potential arrives at the end of the axon. Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon membrane at the synapse. Synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse acro ...
... (EPSP). How would these differ at an inhibitory synapse? Answer— Action potential arrives at the end of the axon. Ca2+ channels open. Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon membrane at the synapse. Synaptic vesicles release their neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse acro ...
Neurological mechanisms involved in orthodontic tooth movement
... Sutherland and Rall[12] established the second-messenger basis for hormone actions in 1958. The first messenger (a hormone or another stimulating agent) binds to a specific receptor on the ...
... Sutherland and Rall[12] established the second-messenger basis for hormone actions in 1958. The first messenger (a hormone or another stimulating agent) binds to a specific receptor on the ...
Endocrine system - Napa Valley College
... a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary. ...
... a collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain is the primary link between the endocrine and nervous systems. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary. ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
Neuronal representation of visual motion and orientation in the fly
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
... a good candidate neuropil to extract these visual features from local input and to supply this information to more specialized downstream brain regions. The large lobula plate neurons, which integrate local motion inputs and thus respond in a directionselective way to motion in a large part of the v ...
The Projection from the Superficial to the Deep Layers
... in which we have carried out intracellular recording and injection experiments over the last 4 years. The basic preparation for all of these animals was uniform. Each animal was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p., along with 0.15 ml of a 1.5% solution of atropine sulfate). The tr ...
... in which we have carried out intracellular recording and injection experiments over the last 4 years. The basic preparation for all of these animals was uniform. Each animal was anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (60 mg/kg, i.p., along with 0.15 ml of a 1.5% solution of atropine sulfate). The tr ...
Spinal nerves, cervical, lumbar and sacral plexus
... • Occur simultaneously, coordinated with flexor reflex • e.g., flexor reflex causes leg to pull up: – crossed extensor reflex straightens other leg – to receive body weight – maintained by reverberating circuits ...
... • Occur simultaneously, coordinated with flexor reflex • e.g., flexor reflex causes leg to pull up: – crossed extensor reflex straightens other leg – to receive body weight – maintained by reverberating circuits ...
Functional Motifs Composed of Morphologically Homologous
... ⬃0.3 ms and 0.4 –1.0 ms, respectively (Fig. 1). To assess the synaptic connectivity between the M-cells and RSNs, one of the paired cells was activated by injecting stepwise depolarizing currents to elicit a single action potential (AP) and voltage responses were recorded from the other. The latenci ...
... ⬃0.3 ms and 0.4 –1.0 ms, respectively (Fig. 1). To assess the synaptic connectivity between the M-cells and RSNs, one of the paired cells was activated by injecting stepwise depolarizing currents to elicit a single action potential (AP) and voltage responses were recorded from the other. The latenci ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... growth cone morphology ceased after 4 min Žaverage 5.28 " 0.27 min.. No further changes were observed up to 20 min after stimulation. Lamellipodia formation was not confined to the growth cones, but was also prominent along neurites. Filopodia were occasionally lost, but this seemed almost exclusive ...
... growth cone morphology ceased after 4 min Žaverage 5.28 " 0.27 min.. No further changes were observed up to 20 min after stimulation. Lamellipodia formation was not confined to the growth cones, but was also prominent along neurites. Filopodia were occasionally lost, but this seemed almost exclusive ...
Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex during Licking
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... phase of the sleep-wake or activity cycle. Studies over the last 35 yr have identified the essential central pathways that mediate the baroreceptor reflex (13, 19), and these are shown in Fig. 6. Primary afferent fibers from arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, which ...
... phase of the sleep-wake or activity cycle. Studies over the last 35 yr have identified the essential central pathways that mediate the baroreceptor reflex (13, 19), and these are shown in Fig. 6. Primary afferent fibers from arterial baroreceptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch, which ...
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration Rate
... during volume depletion, hydrostatic pressure along the renal vasculature is decreased, leading to an initial decrease in renal blood flow and GFR (secondary to reduction of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure). The reduced pressure decreases the stretch of the afferent arteriole, causing the ...
... during volume depletion, hydrostatic pressure along the renal vasculature is decreased, leading to an initial decrease in renal blood flow and GFR (secondary to reduction of glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure). The reduced pressure decreases the stretch of the afferent arteriole, causing the ...
nov 1998 key
... 9. Demonstrate your understanding of negative feedback by describing how the kidneys and the hypothalamus work together to regulate blood volume. (5 marks) • Hypothalamus senses high osmotic pressure. (1 mark) • ADH is released. (1 mark) • Kidneys increase their retention of H 2O. • Distal tubule b ...
... 9. Demonstrate your understanding of negative feedback by describing how the kidneys and the hypothalamus work together to regulate blood volume. (5 marks) • Hypothalamus senses high osmotic pressure. (1 mark) • ADH is released. (1 mark) • Kidneys increase their retention of H 2O. • Distal tubule b ...
Sherman_PPT_Chapter2
... small electrically charged particles called ions. • The two types of ions, positive (+) and negative (-), resemble the two poles or ends of a battery. Copyright © Prentice Hall 2007 ...
... small electrically charged particles called ions. • The two types of ions, positive (+) and negative (-), resemble the two poles or ends of a battery. Copyright © Prentice Hall 2007 ...
RENAL - ACID BASE – ADRENAL PHYSIOLOGY
... It produces its effect by activating cAMP It produces its effects by increasing membrane permeability to potassium It causes an increased reabsorption of hydrogen ion It is secreted in response to an increase in BP ...
... It produces its effect by activating cAMP It produces its effects by increasing membrane permeability to potassium It causes an increased reabsorption of hydrogen ion It is secreted in response to an increase in BP ...
Cerebellum_seminar
... by these systems (blue, direct route; red, side-loop). b( Anatomical correlates of this theoretical organization. Note that the anatomical model contains additional components that exert control over motor control systems (for example, by modulating rubrospinal circuits) (RN, red nucleus). c (Analog ...
... by these systems (blue, direct route; red, side-loop). b( Anatomical correlates of this theoretical organization. Note that the anatomical model contains additional components that exert control over motor control systems (for example, by modulating rubrospinal circuits) (RN, red nucleus). c (Analog ...
Motion sensitive cells in the macaque superior
... corollary discharge/kinaesthetic feedback may be the physiological mechanism which accounts for some effects of 'expectation'. The experiments that will be described in the present paper were aimed to clarify two issues raised by the previous experiments. First, is it possible to observe response di ...
... corollary discharge/kinaesthetic feedback may be the physiological mechanism which accounts for some effects of 'expectation'. The experiments that will be described in the present paper were aimed to clarify two issues raised by the previous experiments. First, is it possible to observe response di ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.