Introduction
... Proteins (IAPs) that have been shown to regulate caspases by directly binding to and inhibiting their function.12 Whereas cytosolic microinjection of cytochrome c is insufficient to induce apoptosis in wildtype neurons and cardiomyocytes, it is capable of doing so in XIAP-deficient neurons and cardi ...
... Proteins (IAPs) that have been shown to regulate caspases by directly binding to and inhibiting their function.12 Whereas cytosolic microinjection of cytochrome c is insufficient to induce apoptosis in wildtype neurons and cardiomyocytes, it is capable of doing so in XIAP-deficient neurons and cardi ...
What is a Tissue?
... both sensory and motor fibers connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Institut Mines-Télécom ...
... both sensory and motor fibers connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Institut Mines-Télécom ...
Connexin-based channels contribute to metabolic pathways in the
... A typical feature of glial cells is their high expression of connexins, which can form gap junctions and/or hemichannels in different glial cell types. For instance, connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1) and connexin 30 (Cx30, also known as GJB6) are mainly expressed in astrocytes (Ransom and Giaum ...
... A typical feature of glial cells is their high expression of connexins, which can form gap junctions and/or hemichannels in different glial cell types. For instance, connexin 43 (Cx43, also known as GJA1) and connexin 30 (Cx30, also known as GJB6) are mainly expressed in astrocytes (Ransom and Giaum ...
Document
... could be involved in the epileptiform activity seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) [23]. Some studies performed during the late stages of TSE have also indicated altered concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in scrapie-infected animal models [3, 48]. Additional studies have re ...
... could be involved in the epileptiform activity seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) [23]. Some studies performed during the late stages of TSE have also indicated altered concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin in scrapie-infected animal models [3, 48]. Additional studies have re ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... (BACKMAN et al. 2001). PTEN is a negative regulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) which is located upstream of mTOR (CULLY et al. 2006), and treatment with rapamycin prevents seizures in this animal model (LJUNGBERG et al. 2009). All these examples confirmed that disturbance of mTOR activity d ...
... (BACKMAN et al. 2001). PTEN is a negative regulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) which is located upstream of mTOR (CULLY et al. 2006), and treatment with rapamycin prevents seizures in this animal model (LJUNGBERG et al. 2009). All these examples confirmed that disturbance of mTOR activity d ...
Diversity of reporter expression patterns in transgenic mouse lines
... Crfp3.0CreGFP transgenic mouse (18). The generation of the CRFp3.0CreGFP transgenic mouse has been described in a previous publication (18). Briefly, a CRFp3.0Cre vector was first created by using a lentivirus backbone, pCMVGFPdNhe (27), and the linearized backbone was ligated to a 3.0-kb CRF promot ...
... Crfp3.0CreGFP transgenic mouse (18). The generation of the CRFp3.0CreGFP transgenic mouse has been described in a previous publication (18). Briefly, a CRFp3.0Cre vector was first created by using a lentivirus backbone, pCMVGFPdNhe (27), and the linearized backbone was ligated to a 3.0-kb CRF promot ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
... duration (0.97 ⫾ 0.07 vs. 0.98 ⫾ 0.08 ms). The fast AHP (fAHP, 20.1 ⫾ 2.1 vs. 19.9 ⫾ 2.4 mV) and medium AHP (mAHP, 10.6 ⫾ 1.5 vs. 10.6 ⫾ 1.7 mV) were also not affected (Fig. 2B). These results indicate that histamine was not affecting voltage-gated Na⫹ and K⫹ channels or Ca2⫹-activated K⫹ channels t ...
Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time ⁎ Michael E. Hasselmo , Chantal E. Stern
... subjects, but controversy continues over the functional role of theta frequency oscillations (commonly referred to as theta rhythm). Understanding the functional role of theta rhythm will benefit from attention to data on the role of theta rhythm in animals. Here we will review data on theta rhythm i ...
... subjects, but controversy continues over the functional role of theta frequency oscillations (commonly referred to as theta rhythm). Understanding the functional role of theta rhythm will benefit from attention to data on the role of theta rhythm in animals. Here we will review data on theta rhythm i ...
Effects of High Salt-Exposure on the Development of Retina and
... sodium intake exceeds the physiologic demands it can become a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in later life [1]. Plasma osmolality is mainly determined by sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. In mammals, changes in the sodium balance may primarily result in alterations in the extracellular volu ...
... sodium intake exceeds the physiologic demands it can become a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in later life [1]. Plasma osmolality is mainly determined by sodium, chloride and bicarbonate. In mammals, changes in the sodium balance may primarily result in alterations in the extracellular volu ...
studying the isolated central nervous system
... electrogenic sodium pump component of the membrane potential. Barbara York showed that the snail neuron was sensitive to the oxygen concentration around the neuron and that reducing the Po2 brought about a depolarization of the membrane potential, whilst increasing the Po2 hyperpolarized the neuron, ...
... electrogenic sodium pump component of the membrane potential. Barbara York showed that the snail neuron was sensitive to the oxygen concentration around the neuron and that reducing the Po2 brought about a depolarization of the membrane potential, whilst increasing the Po2 hyperpolarized the neuron, ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... it was designated FWS. To minimize the influence of state-dependent sensory gating (MuFigure 2. A panel of odorant categories used for the stimulation (A) and the position of recording area in the aPC (B–D). A, The rakami et al., 2005), all data of spike responses panel consists of eight distinct ca ...
... it was designated FWS. To minimize the influence of state-dependent sensory gating (MuFigure 2. A panel of odorant categories used for the stimulation (A) and the position of recording area in the aPC (B–D). A, The rakami et al., 2005), all data of spike responses panel consists of eight distinct ca ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... FEF neurons than those in V4 neurons. The finding that there are region-specific differences in a neuron’s ability to store the history of its own activity in the absence of sensory or cognitive information processing suggests that there are differences in the intrinsic properties of the neural circ ...
... FEF neurons than those in V4 neurons. The finding that there are region-specific differences in a neuron’s ability to store the history of its own activity in the absence of sensory or cognitive information processing suggests that there are differences in the intrinsic properties of the neural circ ...
Enlargement of Axo-Somatic Contacts Formed by
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
... These studies suggest that altered activity of the PFC may contribute to the behavioral phenotype of AN among humans and of ABA among rodents, thereby ultimately affecting individuals’ decisions to exercise or to eat. Excitability of the PFC is determined, in part, by the intracortical circuitry com ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
... The globus pallidus external segment (GPe) constitutes part of the indirect pathway of the basal ganglia. Because of inhibitory projections from the striatum, most GPe neurons are expected to reduce activity during movements. However, many GPe neurons in fact display increased activity. We previousl ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... constant, indicates the DC response value to the white-noise stimulus signal and it plays a significant role in the signal processing by the retinal neurons, as we will see later. Kernel h,(z) is the “impulse response” if the system is approximated as a linear system. That is, for example, if the sy ...
... constant, indicates the DC response value to the white-noise stimulus signal and it plays a significant role in the signal processing by the retinal neurons, as we will see later. Kernel h,(z) is the “impulse response” if the system is approximated as a linear system. That is, for example, if the sy ...
Behavioral Detectability of Single-Cell Stimulation in the Ventral
... mildly punished with an additional delay of 1.5 s to the next stimulus presentation. C, Single-cell stimulation trial. Top trace, and catch trial response rates refer to these inJuxtacellular recording of APs. Arrowheads mark stimulation onset and offset artifacts. Bottom trace, Current injection wa ...
... mildly punished with an additional delay of 1.5 s to the next stimulus presentation. C, Single-cell stimulation trial. Top trace, and catch trial response rates refer to these inJuxtacellular recording of APs. Arrowheads mark stimulation onset and offset artifacts. Bottom trace, Current injection wa ...
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... a single phagocytic cell or by many such cells? This question arises in light of the following facts: In the ischemic penumbra, where neurons die compacted in a disseminated fashion, the neuropil is still tight with narrow and complicated extracellular spaces, and the blood– brain barrier is not bro ...
... a single phagocytic cell or by many such cells? This question arises in light of the following facts: In the ischemic penumbra, where neurons die compacted in a disseminated fashion, the neuropil is still tight with narrow and complicated extracellular spaces, and the blood– brain barrier is not bro ...
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... The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in studying the neocortical column. Echoing Mountcastle’s observation in ...
... The functional properties of neurons are similar within a column, but significantly differ between adjacent columns (Mountcastle, 1997). Seminal work by Hubel and Wiesel in the 1960s and 1970s then triggered tremendous interest in studying the neocortical column. Echoing Mountcastle’s observation in ...
Implantable microcoils for intracortical magnetic
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
... Neural prostheses that can reliably and effectively activate the cortex have the potential to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders (1–4). However, effective activation is difficult, given the large diversity of cell types within the cortex coupled with an inability to selecti ...
Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 signaling regulates Kv4.2-mediated - AJP-Cell
... mM TEA, which suppresses the IK and permits better resolution of the IA. Incubation of CGNs with NRG-1 significantly enhanced the IA density. The data obtained from 92 neurons showed that incubation of CGNs with 1 or 10 nM NRG-1 for 24 h increased the current density by 22.5 ⫾ 3.1% (n ⫽ 44) or 29.5 ...
... mM TEA, which suppresses the IK and permits better resolution of the IA. Incubation of CGNs with NRG-1 significantly enhanced the IA density. The data obtained from 92 neurons showed that incubation of CGNs with 1 or 10 nM NRG-1 for 24 h increased the current density by 22.5 ⫾ 3.1% (n ⫽ 44) or 29.5 ...
19 Sensation of Smell-14322012-09
... Sniffing directs air onto the olfactory mucosa. Odorants are absorbed into the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a seco ...
... Sniffing directs air onto the olfactory mucosa. Odorants are absorbed into the mucous layer overlying the receptors. Diffusion through the layer brings the odorants into contact with the olfactory cilia, where they bind with receptors (odorant-binding proteins). This leads to an activation of a seco ...
Mirror Neurons in a New World Monkey, Common Marmoset
... was used as a retrograde tracer. The tracer was diluted to 1% in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 0.12–0.15 µL of the tracer solution was pressure-injected through a glass micropipette with a 50-µm-inner-diameter tip, which was attached to a 10 µL Hamilton syringe. The injection sites were ...
... was used as a retrograde tracer. The tracer was diluted to 1% in 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and 0.12–0.15 µL of the tracer solution was pressure-injected through a glass micropipette with a 50-µm-inner-diameter tip, which was attached to a 10 µL Hamilton syringe. The injection sites were ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these drugs inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as DA, NE, and 5-HT or inhibit the catabolism of neurotransmitters (Randrup and Braestrup 1977; Sampson et al. 1991). The elev ...
... or other brain nuclei (Chenu et al. 2012). The later discoveries about the mechanisms of ADs revealed that many of these drugs inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters such as DA, NE, and 5-HT or inhibit the catabolism of neurotransmitters (Randrup and Braestrup 1977; Sampson et al. 1991). The elev ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.