Alexander et al., 2009
... fields. Due to the simple nature of DREADDs, introduction into animal systems (see below, Implementation), routine laboratory equipment is often sufficient for applying chemogenetic techniques into any laboratory setting. As this technology relies on GPCRs, the subdomains can be modified to change t ...
... fields. Due to the simple nature of DREADDs, introduction into animal systems (see below, Implementation), routine laboratory equipment is often sufficient for applying chemogenetic techniques into any laboratory setting. As this technology relies on GPCRs, the subdomains can be modified to change t ...
practical schedule
... 4. Demonstrate the ability to use the indicator (dye) dilution principle to measure plasma volume, blood volume, ECF volume, And total body water, and identify compounds used to measure each volume. 5. Predict the changes in extra-cellular volume, extra-cellular osmolarity, intra- cellular volume an ...
... 4. Demonstrate the ability to use the indicator (dye) dilution principle to measure plasma volume, blood volume, ECF volume, And total body water, and identify compounds used to measure each volume. 5. Predict the changes in extra-cellular volume, extra-cellular osmolarity, intra- cellular volume an ...
Different roles for KIF17 and kinesin II in photoreceptor development
... throughout the eye with areas representing 15– 40% of the cones expressing GFP at high levels (Fig. 3A); a similar distribution pattern for both of the GFP-tagged dominant-negative proteins was observed (Fig. 3B,C). At this stage, retinae are composed of ⬃ 90% cones with OSs approximately half of th ...
... throughout the eye with areas representing 15– 40% of the cones expressing GFP at high levels (Fig. 3A); a similar distribution pattern for both of the GFP-tagged dominant-negative proteins was observed (Fig. 3B,C). At this stage, retinae are composed of ⬃ 90% cones with OSs approximately half of th ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
... Electrophysiolog y. All experimental procedures were in accordance with the C anadian Council on Animal C are policy on the use and care of laboratory animals and approved by the Queen’s University Animal C are Committee. Surgical, electrophysiological, and data acquisition methods were described pr ...
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... eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping with adjacent eGFP expressing neurons, their morphology is not intact, they have membrane varicosities, or they show sign ...
... eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping with adjacent eGFP expressing neurons, their morphology is not intact, they have membrane varicosities, or they show sign ...
Input evoked nonlinearities in silicon dendritic circuits
... units, and NMDA channels located within the branches potentially allow either linear or nonlinear computation depending on the input’s spatio-temporal pattern [1]–[6]. This evidence supports the two-layer model from Poirazi and colleagues [7], [8], which suggests that pyramidal cells first process t ...
... units, and NMDA channels located within the branches potentially allow either linear or nonlinear computation depending on the input’s spatio-temporal pattern [1]–[6]. This evidence supports the two-layer model from Poirazi and colleagues [7], [8], which suggests that pyramidal cells first process t ...
identification of a cell surface glycoprotein family of olfactory
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
... and Warren, 1982), as well as the reciprocal distribution (Vulliamy et al., 1981), to retinal photoreceptor cells (Barnstable, 1980), and to cat CNS neuronal subclasses (McKay and Hockfield, 1982). We have developed an Mab, 2B8, which binds to cell surface antigens on primary sensory neurons of the ...
Fig. 2 - eNeuro
... reverse of Rinp. For skin impulse recordings, microelectrodes filled with 3 M KAC with a DC resistance around 150 M⍀ were used. In these cases, three stimulation pulses at 40 Hz were applied to induce KO responses to avoid evoking more than one skin impulse, which has a duration of ⬃100 ms. Post-sti ...
... reverse of Rinp. For skin impulse recordings, microelectrodes filled with 3 M KAC with a DC resistance around 150 M⍀ were used. In these cases, three stimulation pulses at 40 Hz were applied to induce KO responses to avoid evoking more than one skin impulse, which has a duration of ⬃100 ms. Post-sti ...
relation between cell size and response characteristics of
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
... the cell body and the axonal diameter of LVN neurons (Deiters, 1865) and physiologic measurements of axonal conduction velocity of LVN neurons activated antidromically from the lumbar cord (Ito et al., 1964; Wilson et al., 1967; Akaike et al., 1973) have confirmed this finding. Finally, these two ne ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... one to several ions coupled to the movement of one molecule of transmitter. All transporters transport only one molecule of transmitter per cycle. The particular ratio of ions and substrate transported, the stoichiometry, is determined by measuring how transmitter accumulation, or flux, varies with c ...
... one to several ions coupled to the movement of one molecule of transmitter. All transporters transport only one molecule of transmitter per cycle. The particular ratio of ions and substrate transported, the stoichiometry, is determined by measuring how transmitter accumulation, or flux, varies with c ...
Formation of Neuronal Pathways in the lmaginal Discs of Drosophila
... Bate, personal communication). At the onset of metamorphosis, the discs start to evaginate. The cell bodies at the center of the disc, Al, A2, A3, and Pl , move with the future tip of the leg whereas their axons simply elongate. By 1 hr after puparium formation (APF) (Fig. 26), the leg begins to ass ...
... Bate, personal communication). At the onset of metamorphosis, the discs start to evaginate. The cell bodies at the center of the disc, Al, A2, A3, and Pl , move with the future tip of the leg whereas their axons simply elongate. By 1 hr after puparium formation (APF) (Fig. 26), the leg begins to ass ...
18 "1: 1_ Sprouting (Abnormiall1 Actrvlty)
... [0007] Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord With elec trodes placed in the epidural space (or Within the dura) is commonly used to treat a variety of pain problems. It has been scienti?cally tested and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective trea ...
... [0007] Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord With elec trodes placed in the epidural space (or Within the dura) is commonly used to treat a variety of pain problems. It has been scienti?cally tested and approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a safe and effective trea ...
1 OSCILLATORY ENTRAINMENT OF THALAMIC NEURONS BY
... Intracellular recordings show that AV neurons have intrinsic membrane properties similar to ...
... Intracellular recordings show that AV neurons have intrinsic membrane properties similar to ...
REGENERATION OF AN IDENTIFIED CENTRAL NEURON IN THE
... extent of growth in a particular region of a neuron? The giant fiber system of the cricket, in particular the medial giant interneuron (MGI), was chosen as a suitable model for studying regeneration because it permits an assessment of the induced growth and change in electrical properties following ...
... extent of growth in a particular region of a neuron? The giant fiber system of the cricket, in particular the medial giant interneuron (MGI), was chosen as a suitable model for studying regeneration because it permits an assessment of the induced growth and change in electrical properties following ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... Sutton and Barto, 1998). Computational studies have shown how such a reinforcement signal can impinge locally on synapses that have been active in the recent past, selectively modifying them so that appropriate cue-reward intervals are expressed (Gavornik and Shouval, 2011; Gavornik et al., 2009). T ...
... Sutton and Barto, 1998). Computational studies have shown how such a reinforcement signal can impinge locally on synapses that have been active in the recent past, selectively modifying them so that appropriate cue-reward intervals are expressed (Gavornik and Shouval, 2011; Gavornik et al., 2009). T ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
... analog signal is digitized at 20,000 Hz and templates formed during an initial sampling period (60 s). Subsequently, the matching algorithm is engaged only if the digitized voltage levels reach a prespecified value. Spikes are then included in a template only if more than a user-defined percentage o ...
Depolarization stimulates lamellipodia formation and
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
... Electric activity is known to have profound effects on growth cone morphology and neurite outgrowth, but the nature of the response varies strongly between neurons derived from different species or brain areas. To establish the role of electric activity in neurite outgrowth and neuronal morphogenesi ...
Translocation of RNA Granules in Living Neurons
... Cell culture. The method of cell culture has been described in detail by Banker (for review, see Goslin and Banker, 1991) and modified for use with cortical neurons in our laboratory (Kosik and Finch, 1987). Cerebral cortex was dissected from embryonic day 18 rats and digested with 0.25% trypsin in ...
... Cell culture. The method of cell culture has been described in detail by Banker (for review, see Goslin and Banker, 1991) and modified for use with cortical neurons in our laboratory (Kosik and Finch, 1987). Cerebral cortex was dissected from embryonic day 18 rats and digested with 0.25% trypsin in ...
Neurons in red nucleus and primary motor cortex exhibit similar
... but it remains unclear whether RN neurons also respond to such limb perturbations. We have compared discharges of single neurons in RN (n = 49) and M1 (n = 109) of one monkey during a postural perturbation task. Neural responses to whole-limb perturbations were examined by transiently applying (300 ...
... but it remains unclear whether RN neurons also respond to such limb perturbations. We have compared discharges of single neurons in RN (n = 49) and M1 (n = 109) of one monkey during a postural perturbation task. Neural responses to whole-limb perturbations were examined by transiently applying (300 ...
Precise visuotopic organization of the blind spot representation in
... retina consisting mainly of ganglion cell axons and blood vessels, which generates a visual scotoma known as the blind spot (BS). Information present in the surroundings of the BS can be used to complete the missing information. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these perceptual phenomena ...
... retina consisting mainly of ganglion cell axons and blood vessels, which generates a visual scotoma known as the blind spot (BS). Information present in the surroundings of the BS can be used to complete the missing information. However, the neuronal mechanisms underlying these perceptual phenomena ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... Can we only study the brain using cases of injury or disease? Much of what we know about the brain and how it functions has come from scientists and doctors who have studied cases of brain disease and injury, but we no longer have to rely on finding new cases in order to investigate how our brains w ...
... Can we only study the brain using cases of injury or disease? Much of what we know about the brain and how it functions has come from scientists and doctors who have studied cases of brain disease and injury, but we no longer have to rely on finding new cases in order to investigate how our brains w ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... activity, whereas measured increases in [KⳭ]o are in the range of 1 to 3 mM indicating powerful control mechanisms (30). Homeostatic control of [KⳭ]o is needed because brain [KⳭ]o can influence transmitter release (31), cerebral blood flow (32), ECS volume (33,34), glucose metabolism (35), and neuro ...
... activity, whereas measured increases in [KⳭ]o are in the range of 1 to 3 mM indicating powerful control mechanisms (30). Homeostatic control of [KⳭ]o is needed because brain [KⳭ]o can influence transmitter release (31), cerebral blood flow (32), ECS volume (33,34), glucose metabolism (35), and neuro ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... After testing various criteria, we found that the two parameters that allowed for the best separation between the two putative anatomical groups in the ventral CA3 region were firing rate and behavior-related firing pattern. Cells with a mean firing rate ⬎10 Hz per session and with firing field ⬎5 H ...
... After testing various criteria, we found that the two parameters that allowed for the best separation between the two putative anatomical groups in the ventral CA3 region were firing rate and behavior-related firing pattern. Cells with a mean firing rate ⬎10 Hz per session and with firing field ⬎5 H ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.