Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin receptors are distributed widely throughout the mammalian central nervous system.6,14,19 For example, using immunohistochemical techniques with an antibody against prepro-orexin, Peyron et al.14 found labeled fibers in many hypothala ...
... in the LHA, axon terminals of orexin-containing neurons and orexin receptors are distributed widely throughout the mammalian central nervous system.6,14,19 For example, using immunohistochemical techniques with an antibody against prepro-orexin, Peyron et al.14 found labeled fibers in many hypothala ...
Anandamide as an intracellular messenger regulating ion channel
... phosphorylation state of the channel. Indeed, anandamide has been shown previously to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards b ...
... phosphorylation state of the channel. Indeed, anandamide has been shown previously to directly inhibit Shaker-related voltage sensitive K+ -channels at low micromolar concentrations [41]. Although the effect was shared by THC and other polyunsaturated Nacylethanolamines, it was insensitive towards b ...
Guided outgrowth of leech neurons in culture
... The length of guided neurites, however, is hundreds of micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The ...
... The length of guided neurites, however, is hundreds of micrometers, i.e. distinctly longer than reported for DRG neurons. Leech neurons do not grow on irradiated substrate in contrast to the DRG neurons [6]. The difference may be due to a higher light intensity used here to affect the substrate. The ...
Methods of Studying The Nervous System
... – in an electrooculogram (EOG) eye movements are recorded by placing four electrodes around the eye; the signals result from the fact that the front of the eye is more positively charged than the back – The direction of movement can be inferred from the relation between the activity recorded on two ...
... – in an electrooculogram (EOG) eye movements are recorded by placing four electrodes around the eye; the signals result from the fact that the front of the eye is more positively charged than the back – The direction of movement can be inferred from the relation between the activity recorded on two ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
... The cells of our body are surrounded by a fluid known as extracellular fluid (ECF). It contains substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose and many others. The osmolality of the ECF is a measure of the concentration of each of these substances and is defined as the number of moles ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... EEG was recorded via a steel screw juxtaposed to the dura mater above the ipsilateral or contralateral frontal cortex (2.7 mm anterior to bregma and 2.0 mm lateral to the midline, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson, 1986) and referenced against an indifferent electrode placed adjacent to t ...
... EEG was recorded via a steel screw juxtaposed to the dura mater above the ipsilateral or contralateral frontal cortex (2.7 mm anterior to bregma and 2.0 mm lateral to the midline, according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson, 1986) and referenced against an indifferent electrode placed adjacent to t ...
Disruption of Target Interactions Prevents the Development of
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
... developmental mechanismsthat give rise to the differential expression of neuropeptides by individual neurons are incompletely understood. One of the first stepstoward understanding how diverse peptidergic phenotypes are generated is elucidating the pattern of peptide expressionduring normal developm ...
Cathepsin B–green fluorescent protein
... that in 12 hours, 60% of the total radioactivity bound to the coverslip, regardless of the buffer pH. In order to compare the morphologies of the polymers formed at each pH, laminin deposited onto coverslips at either pH 7 or 4 were immunostained with anti-laminin antibodies. Matrices formed at eith ...
... that in 12 hours, 60% of the total radioactivity bound to the coverslip, regardless of the buffer pH. In order to compare the morphologies of the polymers formed at each pH, laminin deposited onto coverslips at either pH 7 or 4 were immunostained with anti-laminin antibodies. Matrices formed at eith ...
Changes in the connections of the main olfactory bulb after mitral
... Seven days after the injection, the animals were sacrificed. They were anaesthetized with a solution composed of ketamine (120 lg/ g b.w.) and xylazine (10 lg/ g b.w.) intraperitoneally (i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta, first with saline for 1 min and then with 150 ml of fixative contain ...
... Seven days after the injection, the animals were sacrificed. They were anaesthetized with a solution composed of ketamine (120 lg/ g b.w.) and xylazine (10 lg/ g b.w.) intraperitoneally (i.p.) and perfused through the ascending aorta, first with saline for 1 min and then with 150 ml of fixative contain ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... 1996). The available data are consistent with there being just one DRI on each side of the brain (Frost and Katz, 1996). The discovery of DRI completed the description of a continuous synaptic pathway from the afferent to the efferent neurons of the swim circuit (Fig. 1b). An early report (Getting, ...
... 1996). The available data are consistent with there being just one DRI on each side of the brain (Frost and Katz, 1996). The discovery of DRI completed the description of a continuous synaptic pathway from the afferent to the efferent neurons of the swim circuit (Fig. 1b). An early report (Getting, ...
ACTIN CYTOSKELETON REGULATION IN NEURONAL
... environment. Axons and dendrites are both functionally and morphologically distinct. Axons often travel long distances, making stereotypical turning decisions along their paths. Upon reaching their targets, axons produce terminal branches, and their growth cones are converted into presynaptic termin ...
... environment. Axons and dendrites are both functionally and morphologically distinct. Axons often travel long distances, making stereotypical turning decisions along their paths. Upon reaching their targets, axons produce terminal branches, and their growth cones are converted into presynaptic termin ...
Word doc - Center for Neural Science
... M, 0.5-2.0 µl). After recording responses in muscimol-inhibited cortex, the recording electrode was replaced with one containing picrotoxin. Analysis of acoustic-evoked responses CF and other acoustic response features were determined for a particular recording site by examining LFPs evoked by a st ...
... M, 0.5-2.0 µl). After recording responses in muscimol-inhibited cortex, the recording electrode was replaced with one containing picrotoxin. Analysis of acoustic-evoked responses CF and other acoustic response features were determined for a particular recording site by examining LFPs evoked by a st ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... STN activity once HFS is stopped, and by the fact that HFS-driven activity might need less energy than pathological activity. Finally, the analysis of SN responses to STN-HFS cannot provide direct information about the effect of HFS on STN neurons, owing to the complexity of the intranigral network. ...
... STN activity once HFS is stopped, and by the fact that HFS-driven activity might need less energy than pathological activity. Finally, the analysis of SN responses to STN-HFS cannot provide direct information about the effect of HFS on STN neurons, owing to the complexity of the intranigral network. ...
KCNQ/M Channels Control Spike Afterdepolarization and Burst
... ACSF, the CaCl2 was replaced with equimolar MgCl2. In most experiments, the ACSFs also contained the glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX (15 M) and APV (50 M) to block fast EPSPs and the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (100 M) to block fast IPSPs. Other drugs were added to the ACSF as indica ...
... ACSF, the CaCl2 was replaced with equimolar MgCl2. In most experiments, the ACSFs also contained the glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX (15 M) and APV (50 M) to block fast EPSPs and the GABAA receptor antagonist picrotoxin (100 M) to block fast IPSPs. Other drugs were added to the ACSF as indica ...
Fluoxetine and hyperforin appear to act like a
... not a primary function of either SSRI, to a greater extent than hyperforin (figure 1). This questions the safety of using fluoxetine, the main active ingredient in Prozac, because of its lack of selectivity to only serotonin reuptake pumps, which could lead to undesirable side effects. There is also ...
... not a primary function of either SSRI, to a greater extent than hyperforin (figure 1). This questions the safety of using fluoxetine, the main active ingredient in Prozac, because of its lack of selectivity to only serotonin reuptake pumps, which could lead to undesirable side effects. There is also ...
Axonal Membranes and Their Domains: Assembly and Function of
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
... and transmit electrical signals critical for normal brain function. Here, we review the intricate organization of axonal membrane domains that facilitate rapid action potential conduction underlying communication between complex neuronal circuits. Two critical excitable domains of vertebrate axons a ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... nrg14-null mutant flies rescued by a wild-type Pacman construct (nrg14; P[nrg_wt]), all MB axons project through the pedunculus (Fig. 1 B, arrow) to the anterior part of the brain, where they branch and project into vertical and medial lobes indistinguishable from controls (Fig. 1, B, G, and H). In ...
... nrg14-null mutant flies rescued by a wild-type Pacman construct (nrg14; P[nrg_wt]), all MB axons project through the pedunculus (Fig. 1 B, arrow) to the anterior part of the brain, where they branch and project into vertical and medial lobes indistinguishable from controls (Fig. 1, B, G, and H). In ...
Spinal Cord Neural Modeling for Clinical Applications
... The text of this thesis and the accompanying table and figure captions, citations, and bibliography were written solely by the author Nicolae Adrian Iftimia; however, the information presented herein describes not only the work of the author but the collective efforts of the research team Arle et al ...
... The text of this thesis and the accompanying table and figure captions, citations, and bibliography were written solely by the author Nicolae Adrian Iftimia; however, the information presented herein describes not only the work of the author but the collective efforts of the research team Arle et al ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... large, the human brain consists of approximately 160 billion cells that mainly represent two types, classified as neurons and glia, each contributing about 50 % to the total cell number. Modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) ...
... large, the human brain consists of approximately 160 billion cells that mainly represent two types, classified as neurons and glia, each contributing about 50 % to the total cell number. Modern imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... 18.3.1 Interneuron Targeting of Pyramidal Neurons While synaptic distributions and the valance of the input at each location are important aspects of an individual neuron’s wiring diagram, identifying the precise source of input at each synaptic locale is also critical for understanding a neuron’s c ...
... 18.3.1 Interneuron Targeting of Pyramidal Neurons While synaptic distributions and the valance of the input at each location are important aspects of an individual neuron’s wiring diagram, identifying the precise source of input at each synaptic locale is also critical for understanding a neuron’s c ...
Structural Repair and Functional Recovery Following Cerebral
... there are many other substances, such as and fans out like a web between many of serotonin, dopamine and glutamate, that the nerves. It surrounds much of the could potentially serve a neurotrophic esophagus and extends into the periphery, function or provide guidance for regen- providing protection ...
... there are many other substances, such as and fans out like a web between many of serotonin, dopamine and glutamate, that the nerves. It surrounds much of the could potentially serve a neurotrophic esophagus and extends into the periphery, function or provide guidance for regen- providing protection ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... because of the complex interplay of chemical and electrical processes that take place in our brains. The human brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, called neurons that share information with one another through a large array of biological and chemical signals. Neurons communicate with each o ...
... because of the complex interplay of chemical and electrical processes that take place in our brains. The human brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, called neurons that share information with one another through a large array of biological and chemical signals. Neurons communicate with each o ...
HTM Cortical Learning Algorithms
... memory is allocated to each level and how many levels are needed. Fortunately, HTMs automatically learn the best possible representations at each level given the statistics of the input and the amount of resources allocated. If you allocate more memory to a level, that level will form representation ...
... memory is allocated to each level and how many levels are needed. Fortunately, HTMs automatically learn the best possible representations at each level given the statistics of the input and the amount of resources allocated. If you allocate more memory to a level, that level will form representation ...
Cues that hippocampal place cells encode
... removed, then the place fields usually degraded (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O’Keefe, 1979; O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; Muller and Kubie, 1987; Hetherington and Shapiro, 1997). Paradoxically, if rats are trained to perform a working memory task that requires remembering the distal stimulus configuratio ...
... removed, then the place fields usually degraded (O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978; O’Keefe, 1979; O’Keefe and Speakman, 1987; Muller and Kubie, 1987; Hetherington and Shapiro, 1997). Paradoxically, if rats are trained to perform a working memory task that requires remembering the distal stimulus configuratio ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.