Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... cells were pelleted by mild centrifugation and resuspended in Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, penicillin/streptomycin, and glutamine. A single-cell suspension was generated by putting the cells through a 70 m filter after which cells were plated on poly-D-lysineand laminin-coated glass cov ...
... cells were pelleted by mild centrifugation and resuspended in Neurobasal medium supplemented with B27, penicillin/streptomycin, and glutamine. A single-cell suspension was generated by putting the cells through a 70 m filter after which cells were plated on poly-D-lysineand laminin-coated glass cov ...
Local functions for FMRP in axon growth cone motility and activity
... to be an increase in total spine density in vivo (Irwin et al., 2002); however, this phenotype was only transient during postnatal development in a subsequent study (Nimchinsky et al., 2001). The spine phenotype in FXS may be due to altered translational regulation needed for spine development and m ...
... to be an increase in total spine density in vivo (Irwin et al., 2002); however, this phenotype was only transient during postnatal development in a subsequent study (Nimchinsky et al., 2001). The spine phenotype in FXS may be due to altered translational regulation needed for spine development and m ...
Article
... parts of the body, and can last for a long period (over hundreds of milliseconds to seconds) compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of inter ...
... parts of the body, and can last for a long period (over hundreds of milliseconds to seconds) compared to the time scale of an action potential or synaptic transmission [6–8]. Moreover, the duration of each cycle can change according to the circumstances [9]. In general, CPG networks consist of inter ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... brief inward current that triggers it (Fig. 1 B). On the other hand, bursts terminate abruptly because of the slowly activating K⫹ current, even when the input is sustained (Fig. 1C). These two properties are characteristic of a broad class of bursting neurons. This model is just one implementation ...
... brief inward current that triggers it (Fig. 1 B). On the other hand, bursts terminate abruptly because of the slowly activating K⫹ current, even when the input is sustained (Fig. 1C). These two properties are characteristic of a broad class of bursting neurons. This model is just one implementation ...
melanogaster
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
... the ocelli. The ocelli are a set of three simple eyes positioned on the top (dorsal most part) of the head, and are believed to aid in gaze stabilization (Goodman, 1970; Schuppe and Hengstenberg, 1993). Ocellar interneurons, called L-neurons, sum information from photoreceptor outputs in each of the ...
Efficient Recruitment of Layer 2/3 Interneurons by Layer 4 Input in
... Histological procedures. After recording, slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were proces ...
... Histological procedures. After recording, slices were fixed at 4°C for at least 24 h in 100 mM PB, pH 7.4, containing either 4% paraformaldehyde or 1% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde. Slices containing biocytinfilled neurons that were destined for lightmicroscopic analysis only, were proces ...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
... pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into primary and secondary. The primary concern hereditary disorders of genetic and chromosomal neurons ...
... pathogenic factor is the word. It can cause disturbances of mental activity, behavior, disorders of various functions on the conditional reflex mechanism. Endogenous pathogenic factors are divided into primary and secondary. The primary concern hereditary disorders of genetic and chromosomal neurons ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... the ground. The pad supports the animal on loose sand. The camel’s cushioned feet make almost no sound when the animal walks or runs [13]. These features of the limbs of the camel enable it to walk over the softest kinds of sand that are difficult for any other animal to move on them. To the best of ...
... the ground. The pad supports the animal on loose sand. The camel’s cushioned feet make almost no sound when the animal walks or runs [13]. These features of the limbs of the camel enable it to walk over the softest kinds of sand that are difficult for any other animal to move on them. To the best of ...
File
... is often regarded as the oldest sense and is universal among animals; it is even found in bacteria and other microorganisms. Organisms use chemoreception to accomplish a number of different tasks, including identifying suitable habitats, determining the quality of a food source, finding a mate, find ...
... is often regarded as the oldest sense and is universal among animals; it is even found in bacteria and other microorganisms. Organisms use chemoreception to accomplish a number of different tasks, including identifying suitable habitats, determining the quality of a food source, finding a mate, find ...
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
... neurons (see Glossary, Box 2), recovered mutations in several genes that encode proteins involved in ER-to-Golgi transport, including sar1, sec23 and Rab1 (Ye et al., 2007). Sar1 is required to initiate vesicle formation for trafficking from the ER to Golgi, and clones mutant for sar1 show reduced d ...
... neurons (see Glossary, Box 2), recovered mutations in several genes that encode proteins involved in ER-to-Golgi transport, including sar1, sec23 and Rab1 (Ye et al., 2007). Sar1 is required to initiate vesicle formation for trafficking from the ER to Golgi, and clones mutant for sar1 show reduced d ...
Immunohistochemical Study of Spinal Motor Neurons Following
... electromagnetic fields can influence neurite extension and regeneration of transected nerve ends in vivo (13, 14). We used charged PVDF tube filled with collagen gel as a matrix inside it. Although the application of exogenous electromagnetic fields allows the control of stimulus administered, it is ...
... electromagnetic fields can influence neurite extension and regeneration of transected nerve ends in vivo (13, 14). We used charged PVDF tube filled with collagen gel as a matrix inside it. Although the application of exogenous electromagnetic fields allows the control of stimulus administered, it is ...
Cell migration in the developing rodent olfactory system
... smell, and the vomeronasal system (VNS; also called the accessory olfactory system), which is essential for pheromone-based communication [16, 17]. These systems are tuned to discriminate between a variety of distinct odors and can do so at very low concentrations [18, 19]. Such efficient informatio ...
... smell, and the vomeronasal system (VNS; also called the accessory olfactory system), which is essential for pheromone-based communication [16, 17]. These systems are tuned to discriminate between a variety of distinct odors and can do so at very low concentrations [18, 19]. Such efficient informatio ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... for fluorescent double labeling were serially sectioned at 30 m in the same orthogonal plane and mounted on gelatin-coated slides, then directly observed under an Olympus BX70 epifluorescence microscope and photographed. The method used for intracellular injection of LY (provided by Dr. W. Stewart) i ...
... for fluorescent double labeling were serially sectioned at 30 m in the same orthogonal plane and mounted on gelatin-coated slides, then directly observed under an Olympus BX70 epifluorescence microscope and photographed. The method used for intracellular injection of LY (provided by Dr. W. Stewart) i ...
Down - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
... Fig. 4.13 Some sources of nonlinear (modulatory) effects between synapses as modeled by sigma-pi nodes. (A) shunting (divisive) inhibition, which is often recorded as the effect of inhibitory synapses on the cell body. (B) The effect of simultaneously activated voltage-gated excitatory synapses that ...
Read Here
... their cages and allowed a 30 – 60 min period of acclimatization. No anesthetic or analgesic reagents were used in these experiments. Baseline temperature was measured at 0, 15, and 30 min. After the 30 min time point, an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg CNO 1 mg/ml dissolved in saline was perfo ...
... their cages and allowed a 30 – 60 min period of acclimatization. No anesthetic or analgesic reagents were used in these experiments. Baseline temperature was measured at 0, 15, and 30 min. After the 30 min time point, an intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg CNO 1 mg/ml dissolved in saline was perfo ...
Signals Conveyed in the Pulvinar Pathway from Superior Colliculus
... and Wurtz, 2010). If stimulation activated the neuron through the synmapping receptive field (RF) structure. We report on a variable number apse (orthodromic activation), the pulvinar neuron received input from of neurons for each task because many cells were lost after only partial the stimulated s ...
... and Wurtz, 2010). If stimulation activated the neuron through the synmapping receptive field (RF) structure. We report on a variable number apse (orthodromic activation), the pulvinar neuron received input from of neurons for each task because many cells were lost after only partial the stimulated s ...
Eye-specific Segregation Requires Neural Activity in Three
... topographically organized projections attempt to innervate the same population of postsynaptic cells, one mechanism spreads the fibers throughout the entire postsynaptic structure, while a second mechanism tends to group together those fibers from the same source. The division of the neuropil into i ...
... topographically organized projections attempt to innervate the same population of postsynaptic cells, one mechanism spreads the fibers throughout the entire postsynaptic structure, while a second mechanism tends to group together those fibers from the same source. The division of the neuropil into i ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... activation of GABAA receptors, simply by increasing the conductance, can significantly reduce the excitability of a neuron, an effect referred to as ‘‘shunting inhibition.’’ This might represent the major inhibitory effect of GABAA receptor activation in those specific cases in which the resting mem ...
... activation of GABAA receptors, simply by increasing the conductance, can significantly reduce the excitability of a neuron, an effect referred to as ‘‘shunting inhibition.’’ This might represent the major inhibitory effect of GABAA receptor activation in those specific cases in which the resting mem ...
studies on the development and organisation of the nervous system
... could possibly explain the marvellous space filling, non-overlapping properties of many neurons’ dendritic or axonal arborisations. Experimental evidence for such avoidance has been provided by studies of single sensory neurons in the leech, which fill a planar surface from several points in an appa ...
... could possibly explain the marvellous space filling, non-overlapping properties of many neurons’ dendritic or axonal arborisations. Experimental evidence for such avoidance has been provided by studies of single sensory neurons in the leech, which fill a planar surface from several points in an appa ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Coordinated Interaction between Hippocampal Sharp
... Hippocampal– cortical interaction during sleep promotes transformation of memory for long-term storage in the cortex. In particular, hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated neural activation is important for this transformation during slow-wave sleep. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been sh ...
... Hippocampal– cortical interaction during sleep promotes transformation of memory for long-term storage in the cortex. In particular, hippocampal sharp-wave ripple-associated neural activation is important for this transformation during slow-wave sleep. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been sh ...
Severely dystrophic axons at amyloid plaques
... Nuclear size was measured using Zeiss LSM Image Browser software. The number of amyloid plaques stained with Thioflavine S was determined in the same cortical regions where we based our axon studies, those where axon imaging is most clear. Six sagittal sections (3 sections/hemisphere) were made at 1. ...
... Nuclear size was measured using Zeiss LSM Image Browser software. The number of amyloid plaques stained with Thioflavine S was determined in the same cortical regions where we based our axon studies, those where axon imaging is most clear. Six sagittal sections (3 sections/hemisphere) were made at 1. ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Given the presence of E6-AP:YFP in dendrites in vivo and at synapses in cultured neurons, we performed Golgi staining in WT and AS mice in order to examine dendritic spine morphology and density. Brains from adult WT and AS littermates were extracted and Golgi impregnated. Corresponding sections fro ...
... Given the presence of E6-AP:YFP in dendrites in vivo and at synapses in cultured neurons, we performed Golgi staining in WT and AS mice in order to examine dendritic spine morphology and density. Brains from adult WT and AS littermates were extracted and Golgi impregnated. Corresponding sections fro ...
AMPA Receptor Calcium Permeability, GluR2
... C ells were accepted for study if a stable seal formed with a whole-cell resistance of at least 120 MV and access resistance of ,10 MV. Responses were recorded using an Axopatch 1D amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster C ity, CA). All recordings were performed at room temperature. All surfaces of the ...
... C ells were accepted for study if a stable seal formed with a whole-cell resistance of at least 120 MV and access resistance of ,10 MV. Responses were recorded using an Axopatch 1D amplifier (Axon Instruments, Foster C ity, CA). All recordings were performed at room temperature. All surfaces of the ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.