Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms
... down inhibitory inputs from the other side, and therefore disinhibits its own action. Such a circuit is called a ‘flip-flop switch’ by electrical engineers, who design them to produce discrete states with sharp transitions4. Flip-flop circuits tend to avoid transitional states, because when either s ...
... down inhibitory inputs from the other side, and therefore disinhibits its own action. Such a circuit is called a ‘flip-flop switch’ by electrical engineers, who design them to produce discrete states with sharp transitions4. Flip-flop circuits tend to avoid transitional states, because when either s ...
Cerebellar Unit Activity and the Movement Disruption Induced by
... weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian et al. 1974). Only animals which succeeded in retrieving pellets placed 10—15 mm deep in the feeder consis ...
... weight (200—250 g) and trained to reach for 20 mg pellets of Larsen's diet into a narrow (11 mm internal diameter) horizontal feeder attached to the front wall of a plexiglass chamber (Megirian et al. 1974). Only animals which succeeded in retrieving pellets placed 10—15 mm deep in the feeder consis ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... The anatomy of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive, recurrent feedback neurons in the mushroom body (MB) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was investigated by using intraneuropilar injections of cobalt ions and light microscopic techniques. Each MB contains approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive ...
... The anatomy of ␥-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-immunoreactive, recurrent feedback neurons in the mushroom body (MB) of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, was investigated by using intraneuropilar injections of cobalt ions and light microscopic techniques. Each MB contains approximately 110 GABA-immunoreactive ...
Role of Frontal Eye Fields in Countermanding Saccades: Visual
... with short latencies would occur even if the stop signal was presented because such short-latency saccades would be initiated before the stop signal could influence the system. Likewise, saccades generated with long latencies would be inhibited if a stop signal was presented because their reaction t ...
... with short latencies would occur even if the stop signal was presented because such short-latency saccades would be initiated before the stop signal could influence the system. Likewise, saccades generated with long latencies would be inhibited if a stop signal was presented because their reaction t ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations ofα
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
Cell Type-Specific, Presynaptic LTP of Inhibitory Synapses on Fast
... to record unitary IPSCs (uIPSCs) of FS-GABA neurons in layer II/III of the visual cortex. For these recordings the composition of the internal solution was as follows (in mM): 120 KCl, 10 HEPES, 0.5 Na3GTP, 4 MgATP, 10 Na-phosphocreatine, and 0.2% biocytin at pH 7.2–7.4. The osmolarity of solution w ...
... to record unitary IPSCs (uIPSCs) of FS-GABA neurons in layer II/III of the visual cortex. For these recordings the composition of the internal solution was as follows (in mM): 120 KCl, 10 HEPES, 0.5 Na3GTP, 4 MgATP, 10 Na-phosphocreatine, and 0.2% biocytin at pH 7.2–7.4. The osmolarity of solution w ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... pyramidal neurons. A: changes in intracellular Na⫹ during action potentials are largest in the AIS. A L5 pyramidal neuron was filled with the Na⫹-sensitive dye SBFI and the variations in fluorescence measured at different distances from the axon hillock. The signal is larger in the AIS (25 m) and r ...
... pyramidal neurons. A: changes in intracellular Na⫹ during action potentials are largest in the AIS. A L5 pyramidal neuron was filled with the Na⫹-sensitive dye SBFI and the variations in fluorescence measured at different distances from the axon hillock. The signal is larger in the AIS (25 m) and r ...
Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification
... for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compare something across species, we need to compare the same thing. In the cerebral cortex, ...
... for area- and/or layer-specific genes and using them as probes for comparative ISH analyses [37,41]. What we considered critical in these analyses was the identification of cell types, because, if we want to compare something across species, we need to compare the same thing. In the cerebral cortex, ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
... rebound depolarization, which generates a single spike, restores rhythmic spiking and/or generates a burst of activity (Fig. 2g,h) [63]. Multiple IPSPs can also reduce and/or prevent action-potential generation (Fig. 2f) [63]. The pattern and rate of inhibitory input are, therefore, crucial in deter ...
The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus and Central Chemoreception
... the presence of a TTX-resistant pH-modulated resting potassium conductance in these cells [9]. This current has the properties of a leak current but the responsible channel, still unidentified, is not TASK (Twik-related acid-sensitive potassium channel). The pH-sensitive neurons that we study in vit ...
... the presence of a TTX-resistant pH-modulated resting potassium conductance in these cells [9]. This current has the properties of a leak current but the responsible channel, still unidentified, is not TASK (Twik-related acid-sensitive potassium channel). The pH-sensitive neurons that we study in vit ...
Temporal Patterning of Neural Progenitors in Drosophila
... Drosophila has recently become a powerful model system to understand the mechanisms of temporal patterning of neural progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). Two different temporal sequences of transcription factors (TFs) have been found to be sequentially expressed in NBs of two different systems: the ...
... Drosophila has recently become a powerful model system to understand the mechanisms of temporal patterning of neural progenitors called neuroblasts (NBs). Two different temporal sequences of transcription factors (TFs) have been found to be sequentially expressed in NBs of two different systems: the ...
the superior Olivary complex
... (Saldana & Berrebi, 2000). The role of this projection is unclear but would serve to modulate AM sensitivity or be a source of AM processing in the midbrain. Kadner and Berrebi (2008) have suggested that off neurons may play a role in gap detection. ...
... (Saldana & Berrebi, 2000). The role of this projection is unclear but would serve to modulate AM sensitivity or be a source of AM processing in the midbrain. Kadner and Berrebi (2008) have suggested that off neurons may play a role in gap detection. ...
reciprocal inhibition in the motor nervous system of the nematode
... the excitatory motoneuron. In cases where large amplitude VI responses were not observed, signal averaging was routinely used to detect possible low amplitude signals. Some experiments employed bipolar wirestimulating electrodes positioned over the dendrite of the excitatory motoneuron. These experi ...
... the excitatory motoneuron. In cases where large amplitude VI responses were not observed, signal averaging was routinely used to detect possible low amplitude signals. Some experiments employed bipolar wirestimulating electrodes positioned over the dendrite of the excitatory motoneuron. These experi ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... neocortical activity, thereby actively shifting sleep into deeper stages. In summary, oscillatory activity patterns triggered by sensory information can change the intrinsic circadian rhythms (for review, see Thut et al., 2012). Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in b ...
... neocortical activity, thereby actively shifting sleep into deeper stages. In summary, oscillatory activity patterns triggered by sensory information can change the intrinsic circadian rhythms (for review, see Thut et al., 2012). Oscillatory activity patterns contribute to the sensory perception in b ...
Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor
... Distribution of class A–E Ca 21 channels on the soma and dendrites of spinal motor neurons The antibodies used in these studies have been previously characterized with respect to specificity and immunoreactivity and shown to specifically label the class A–E a1 subunits (Westenbroek et al., 1990, 199 ...
... Distribution of class A–E Ca 21 channels on the soma and dendrites of spinal motor neurons The antibodies used in these studies have been previously characterized with respect to specificity and immunoreactivity and shown to specifically label the class A–E a1 subunits (Westenbroek et al., 1990, 199 ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... 1998). In particular, axonal arbors of pyramidal cells in area CA3 are much more extensive than their dendritic counterparts, reaching out to hundreds of thousands of potential post-synaptic targets (Ishizuka et al. 1990; Li et al. 1994; Wittner et al. 2007). The CA3 region emanates the richest netw ...
... 1998). In particular, axonal arbors of pyramidal cells in area CA3 are much more extensive than their dendritic counterparts, reaching out to hundreds of thousands of potential post-synaptic targets (Ishizuka et al. 1990; Li et al. 1994; Wittner et al. 2007). The CA3 region emanates the richest netw ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... before saccades made to stable targets (middle-left). Movement cells also respond before saccades made in this paradigm, but purely visual cells either do not respond or respond tonically whenever the target lies in their receptive field and do not change their discharge rate before the saccade (8). ...
... before saccades made to stable targets (middle-left). Movement cells also respond before saccades made in this paradigm, but purely visual cells either do not respond or respond tonically whenever the target lies in their receptive field and do not change their discharge rate before the saccade (8). ...
Fast Network Oscillations in the Hippocampal CA1
... waves in the CA1 region were generated by more than one mechanism. The frequencies of the individual, high-frequency oscillatory epochs were best described by a bimodal distribution with peaks at 180 and 110 Hz. The faster events were of larger amplitude than the “slow” (110 Hz) oscillations (Figs. ...
... waves in the CA1 region were generated by more than one mechanism. The frequencies of the individual, high-frequency oscillatory epochs were best described by a bimodal distribution with peaks at 180 and 110 Hz. The faster events were of larger amplitude than the “slow” (110 Hz) oscillations (Figs. ...
rEvIEW - McLoon Lab
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
... astrocyte are stabilized and receive nurturing signals that allow them to mature further. It is important to point out that astrocyte processes do not fully insulate a synapse from the surrounding environment but, instead, allow some flow into and out of the synaptic cleft. For example, at hippocamp ...
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior - Smith
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
... crucial process for the saccadic system. Cortical areas believed to be involved in target selection, such as the frontal eye field (FEF) and parietal area LIP, are richly interconnected with the SC (Fries 1984; Leichnetz et al. 1981; Lynch et al. 1985, 1994; Stanton et al. 1988), and recent studies ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
Pattern adaptation and cross-orientation interactions in the primary
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
... The responsiveness of neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) is substantially reduced after a few seconds of visual stimulation with an effective pattern. This phenomenon, called pattern adaptation, is uniquely cortical and is the likely substrate of a variety of perceptual after-effects. While a ...
LYRICA (pregabalin) eLearning System
... The somatic (or voluntary) nervous system allows interaction with the external environment. Its functions — such as movement of skeletal muscles — are under an individual's control. These nervous system divisions are schematically illustrated in Figure 1C. Figure 1C: Voluntary and Involuntary Nervou ...
... The somatic (or voluntary) nervous system allows interaction with the external environment. Its functions — such as movement of skeletal muscles — are under an individual's control. These nervous system divisions are schematically illustrated in Figure 1C. Figure 1C: Voluntary and Involuntary Nervou ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.