Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... our understanding of how newborn neurons reach their final positions in the developing cerebral cortex. The migratory routes and modes of migration are more diverse and complex than previously thought. The finding that cortical interneurons migrate to the cortex from origins in the ventral telenceph ...
... our understanding of how newborn neurons reach their final positions in the developing cerebral cortex. The migratory routes and modes of migration are more diverse and complex than previously thought. The finding that cortical interneurons migrate to the cortex from origins in the ventral telenceph ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. ...
... This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. ...
Insights into decision making using choice probability
... is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such as attentional allocation? We should point out that CP can be applied to brain areas thought to report only the sensory evidence or to areas that directly mediate decisions. In either ...
... is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such as attentional allocation? We should point out that CP can be applied to brain areas thought to report only the sensory evidence or to areas that directly mediate decisions. In either ...
Disentanglement of local field potential sources by independent
... recorded by multisite linear silicon electrodes that boost spatial resolution and eliminate problems inherent to distant recordings. As a testbed we chose the monolayered CA1 region of the rat hippocampus that offers a number of advantages for verification of the applicability of the mixing model an ...
... recorded by multisite linear silicon electrodes that boost spatial resolution and eliminate problems inherent to distant recordings. As a testbed we chose the monolayered CA1 region of the rat hippocampus that offers a number of advantages for verification of the applicability of the mixing model an ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... natural stimulus is increased beyond the classical receptive field. Stimulation in the classical receptive field also produced sparseness, which could reflect the rather arbitrary nature of the classical/non-classical delineation. Moreover, stimulation in the nonclassical receptive field showed the ...
... natural stimulus is increased beyond the classical receptive field. Stimulation in the classical receptive field also produced sparseness, which could reflect the rather arbitrary nature of the classical/non-classical delineation. Moreover, stimulation in the nonclassical receptive field showed the ...
Different levels of Ih determine distinct temporal integration in
... Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological blockade of I h nor enhancement of I h using a dynamic clamp affects the qualitative firing patter ...
... Bursting and regular-spiking neurons display similar morphology. The difference in I h between the two classes of neurons is not responsible for the distinct firing patterns, as neither pharmacological blockade of I h nor enhancement of I h using a dynamic clamp affects the qualitative firing patter ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
... refers to the general increase in the number of action potentials measured when a second modality is presented to a cell doing MI, while depression refers to the general decrease in the number of action potentials. Meredith and Stein (1983) demonstrated that a sensory stimulus (light) presented to a ...
An Integrate-and-fire Model of Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Activity during Performance of Goal-directed
... (Cannon et al., 2003) that replicated the actions of an agent (monkey) within an environment, as well as integrate-and-fire neuron dynamics in PFC. With our approach (which we call ‘design-based’ modeling), data from a simulated operant task protocol was linked with simulated neuronal circuitry for s ...
... (Cannon et al., 2003) that replicated the actions of an agent (monkey) within an environment, as well as integrate-and-fire neuron dynamics in PFC. With our approach (which we call ‘design-based’ modeling), data from a simulated operant task protocol was linked with simulated neuronal circuitry for s ...
FISIOLOGI HIDUNG DAN SINUS PARANASAL
... Orbitofrontal activation is generally greater on right side than left side ...
... Orbitofrontal activation is generally greater on right side than left side ...
The Involvement of Recurrent Connections in Area CA3 in
... collection of 1200 pyramidal cells, each connected to all the others through modifiable weights. This high degree of connectivity mimics the extensive recurrent collateral connections of CA3 pyramidal neurons (Ishizuka et al., 1990; Li et al., 1994). Owing to the relatively small number of neurons i ...
... collection of 1200 pyramidal cells, each connected to all the others through modifiable weights. This high degree of connectivity mimics the extensive recurrent collateral connections of CA3 pyramidal neurons (Ishizuka et al., 1990; Li et al., 1994). Owing to the relatively small number of neurons i ...
Centrosome Motility Is Essential for Initial Axon Formation in the Neocortex
... process important for the correct formation of neuronal circuits. The development of axons and dendrites in vitro appears to depend on an intrinsic polarity regulated by the cytoskeleton as well as the segregation of proteins, lipids, and polarity proteins (Wiggin et al., 2005; Arimura and Kaibuchi, ...
... process important for the correct formation of neuronal circuits. The development of axons and dendrites in vitro appears to depend on an intrinsic polarity regulated by the cytoskeleton as well as the segregation of proteins, lipids, and polarity proteins (Wiggin et al., 2005; Arimura and Kaibuchi, ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic increase in signals until it exceeds a threshold to induce an axon, and negative regulation may also be important to prevent the formation of surplus axons. However, little is known about the ...
... Andersen and Bi, 2000; Banker, 2003). A locally acting positive feedback loop may amplify a small stochastic increase in signals until it exceeds a threshold to induce an axon, and negative regulation may also be important to prevent the formation of surplus axons. However, little is known about the ...
Auto-structure of presynaptic activity defines postsynaptic firing
... AMPA and GABA mediated receptors. The membrane time constant was set to τm = 20 ms. The synaptic conductance strength ggaba and gampa were chosen to be identical across all synapses of the same type. We model the postsynaptic neuron to be in a state close to balanced excitation and inhibition. To th ...
... AMPA and GABA mediated receptors. The membrane time constant was set to τm = 20 ms. The synaptic conductance strength ggaba and gampa were chosen to be identical across all synapses of the same type. We model the postsynaptic neuron to be in a state close to balanced excitation and inhibition. To th ...
Are mesopontine cholinergic neurons either necessary or sufficient
... apply an antimuscarinic compound locally within the thalamus and then document any resultant changes in the EEG. Such an experiment has yet to be performed. One confound associated with such an experiment is the implicit assumption that it is acetylcholine release which is critical. In fact, althoug ...
... apply an antimuscarinic compound locally within the thalamus and then document any resultant changes in the EEG. Such an experiment has yet to be performed. One confound associated with such an experiment is the implicit assumption that it is acetylcholine release which is critical. In fact, althoug ...
Webb et al 2002 - User Web Areas at the University of York
... cannulated so the animal could be artificially respired. In males the urethra was catheterized. The animal was mounted in a stereotaxic frame and its head positioned with a bite bar, eyehooks set into the infraorbital foramen, and ear bars coated in lidocaine hydrochloride gel. The head was held in ...
... cannulated so the animal could be artificially respired. In males the urethra was catheterized. The animal was mounted in a stereotaxic frame and its head positioned with a bite bar, eyehooks set into the infraorbital foramen, and ear bars coated in lidocaine hydrochloride gel. The head was held in ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
... ion channels in the postsynapse open, by for instance binding of a neurotransmitter, which result in a local influx of sodium ions. This influx of sodium ions depolarizes the membrane causing a local change in membrane resting potential (-60mV normally) towards a more positive charge. The electric s ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... was glued on the slide to hold the saline which immersed the embryo during experiments. Embryos were pinned out either dorsal or ventral side up in the recording chamber so that the CNS laid over the center island of glass. The recording chamber was secured on the stage of a modified compound micros ...
... was glued on the slide to hold the saline which immersed the embryo during experiments. Embryos were pinned out either dorsal or ventral side up in the recording chamber so that the CNS laid over the center island of glass. The recording chamber was secured on the stage of a modified compound micros ...
Mirror neurons in monkey area F5 do not adapt to the observation of
... These studies have suggested that adaptation in IT may either depend on a decrease of synaptic efficacy of the afferents carrying visual information to temporal lobe neurons8,12 or it might be the result of improved predictions of experienced visual stimuli (that is, a top–down effect), leading to de ...
... These studies have suggested that adaptation in IT may either depend on a decrease of synaptic efficacy of the afferents carrying visual information to temporal lobe neurons8,12 or it might be the result of improved predictions of experienced visual stimuli (that is, a top–down effect), leading to de ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... maximally effective whisker. Twenty-one of these cells had receptive fields (RFs) with symmetrical inhibitory side regions. Responses of the other nine units were strongly suppressed by a preceding deflection of a vibrissa on one side but relatively unaffected, or even slightly facilitated, by prece ...
... maximally effective whisker. Twenty-one of these cells had receptive fields (RFs) with symmetrical inhibitory side regions. Responses of the other nine units were strongly suppressed by a preceding deflection of a vibrissa on one side but relatively unaffected, or even slightly facilitated, by prece ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... expressing ChR2. Since light naturally penetrates intact biological tissues, the optogenetic approach has been extended to living organisms, including nematodes, flies, zebrafish, rodents, and monkeys [28], [31]–[34]. Driven by the success of the initial approach with microbial rhodopsins isolated f ...
... expressing ChR2. Since light naturally penetrates intact biological tissues, the optogenetic approach has been extended to living organisms, including nematodes, flies, zebrafish, rodents, and monkeys [28], [31]–[34]. Driven by the success of the initial approach with microbial rhodopsins isolated f ...
Climbing Neuronal Activity as an Event
... For simplicity we assume that only inhibitory cells undergo slow adaptation ( y ⫽ Inh). This is justified if inhibitory cells receive relatively strong inputs and therefore show stronger firing rate adaptation. Slow firing rate adaptation also can be more prominent in inhibitory than in excitatory c ...
... For simplicity we assume that only inhibitory cells undergo slow adaptation ( y ⫽ Inh). This is justified if inhibitory cells receive relatively strong inputs and therefore show stronger firing rate adaptation. Slow firing rate adaptation also can be more prominent in inhibitory than in excitatory c ...
The largest growth cones in the animal kingdom
... examine neurons under controllable and experimentally malleable conditions. Theoretically, this means in cell culture the precise extracellular environment to which the neurons are exposed is known and therefore allows for the direct assessment of defined variables on various neuronal parameters. Fo ...
... examine neurons under controllable and experimentally malleable conditions. Theoretically, this means in cell culture the precise extracellular environment to which the neurons are exposed is known and therefore allows for the direct assessment of defined variables on various neuronal parameters. Fo ...
stereological estimates of dopaminergic, gabaergic and
... Total estimates of the number of GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons were obtained from four brains processed for GAD in situ hybridization and TH immunohistochemistry. Estimates of glutamatergic neurons were obtained from a further four brains processed for VGluT2 in situ hybridization and TH immuno ...
... Total estimates of the number of GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons were obtained from four brains processed for GAD in situ hybridization and TH immunohistochemistry. Estimates of glutamatergic neurons were obtained from a further four brains processed for VGluT2 in situ hybridization and TH immuno ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.