Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three
... functions of many Drosophila developmental genes have been conserved during evolution. In addition, it has been realized that the arrangement along the main body axes of the expression domains of many of these genes, notably the Hox genes but also genes of the Otx, Emx, Dlx and Pax families, has bee ...
... functions of many Drosophila developmental genes have been conserved during evolution. In addition, it has been realized that the arrangement along the main body axes of the expression domains of many of these genes, notably the Hox genes but also genes of the Otx, Emx, Dlx and Pax families, has bee ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... The neurotrophins (NTs) have recently been shown to elicit pronounced effects on quantal neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activitydependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suit ...
... The neurotrophins (NTs) have recently been shown to elicit pronounced effects on quantal neurotransmitter release at both central and peripheral nervous system synapses. Due to their activitydependent release, as well as the subcellular localization of both protein and receptor, NTs are ideally suit ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
... from the DMN. Swallow-induced peristalsis is termed primary peristalsis to distinguish it from the so-called secondary peristalsis that is produced by local reflexes. Primary peristalsis is abolished by bilateral vagotomy. Vagal preganglionic efferents stimulate peristalsis by activating and modifyi ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... tracheobronchial distortions, reflex vagal bradycardia, and bradypnea (29). Its blockage eliminates both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished ...
... tracheobronchial distortions, reflex vagal bradycardia, and bradypnea (29). Its blockage eliminates both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... The suppressor in Df(2R)Exel6066 was narrowed down to a two-gene region (CG30456 and CG15611) based on overlapping deficiencies, Df(2R)Exel6066 and Df(2R)ED3181. Interestingly, BLAST searches showed that both CG30456 and CG15611 are homologous to mammalian Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rh ...
... The suppressor in Df(2R)Exel6066 was narrowed down to a two-gene region (CG30456 and CG15611) based on overlapping deficiencies, Df(2R)Exel6066 and Df(2R)ED3181. Interestingly, BLAST searches showed that both CG30456 and CG15611 are homologous to mammalian Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Rh ...
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... lecular protein complexes that form these channels comprise numerous subunits with distinct structural and functional features. All mammalian VDICs contain one (Nav, Cav) or four (Kv) transmembrane pore-forming and voltage-sensing subunit(s) termed ␣ (for Nav and Kv) or ␣1 (for Cav). These polypepti ...
... lecular protein complexes that form these channels comprise numerous subunits with distinct structural and functional features. All mammalian VDICs contain one (Nav, Cav) or four (Kv) transmembrane pore-forming and voltage-sensing subunit(s) termed ␣ (for Nav and Kv) or ␣1 (for Cav). These polypepti ...
Retinal Ganglion Cell Axon Guidance in the Mouse Optic Chiasm
... the ingrowing RGC axons (Silver, 1984). Later in development, robo1 is more weakly expressed throughout the diencephalon, both posterior to the CD44/SSEA neurons and around the third ventricle (Figs. 4 E–H, 5B). Robo2 continues to be expressed in the CD44/SSEA neurons (Fig. 4 I–L), a pattern that is ...
... the ingrowing RGC axons (Silver, 1984). Later in development, robo1 is more weakly expressed throughout the diencephalon, both posterior to the CD44/SSEA neurons and around the third ventricle (Figs. 4 E–H, 5B). Robo2 continues to be expressed in the CD44/SSEA neurons (Fig. 4 I–L), a pattern that is ...
Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... has been postulated to mediate extinction learning and may determine the efficacy of exposure therapy often used as part of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is important to discern how changes in the development of prefrontal circuitry influences fear extinction. Studying the development of fear learn ...
... has been postulated to mediate extinction learning and may determine the efficacy of exposure therapy often used as part of cognitive behavioral therapy, it is important to discern how changes in the development of prefrontal circuitry influences fear extinction. Studying the development of fear learn ...
Migration and Differentiation of Neural Crest
... and most peripheral ganglia. To study these complex processes it is helpful to make use of in vitro techniques, but the transient and morphologically ill-defined nature of neural crest cells makes it difficult to isolate a pure population of undifferentiated cells. We have used several established t ...
... and most peripheral ganglia. To study these complex processes it is helpful to make use of in vitro techniques, but the transient and morphologically ill-defined nature of neural crest cells makes it difficult to isolate a pure population of undifferentiated cells. We have used several established t ...
Ecology and Echolocation of Bats and Toothed Whales
... pulses need to be shortened with higher pulse repetition rates, to prevent masking of echoes caused by outgoing pulses or background noise caused by clutter (Schnitzler & Kalko, 2001). Single or multiple pulses are emitted on each upstroke of the wings, using the energy of the wing beat to produce s ...
... pulses need to be shortened with higher pulse repetition rates, to prevent masking of echoes caused by outgoing pulses or background noise caused by clutter (Schnitzler & Kalko, 2001). Single or multiple pulses are emitted on each upstroke of the wings, using the energy of the wing beat to produce s ...
Autometallographic Tracing of Bismuth in Human Brain Autopsies
... The brains were examined after several months of formalin fixation. One-cm-thick coronal slices of the brain and horizontal slices of the brainstem were performed. Selected areas were dissected, dehydrated, kept in toluene for 6 hours (h), and immersed in paraffin wax for 1 h prior to embedding in p ...
... The brains were examined after several months of formalin fixation. One-cm-thick coronal slices of the brain and horizontal slices of the brainstem were performed. Selected areas were dissected, dehydrated, kept in toluene for 6 hours (h), and immersed in paraffin wax for 1 h prior to embedding in p ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... underlying recognition (i.e. learning) occurred in the AOB Afferent coding and analysis (Kaba and Nakanishi, 1995). The proposed mechanism Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns o ...
... underlying recognition (i.e. learning) occurred in the AOB Afferent coding and analysis (Kaba and Nakanishi, 1995). The proposed mechanism Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns o ...
Autonomic nervous system
... Learning Outcomes (cont.) 30.5 Compare the structures and functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system. 30.6 Recognize common tests that are performed to determine neurologic disorders. 30.7 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various ...
... Learning Outcomes (cont.) 30.5 Compare the structures and functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system. 30.6 Recognize common tests that are performed to determine neurologic disorders. 30.7 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various ...
Autonomic nervous system
... Learning Outcomes (cont.) 30.5 Compare the structures and functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system. 30.6 Recognize common tests that are performed to determine neurologic disorders. 30.7 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various ...
... Learning Outcomes (cont.) 30.5 Compare the structures and functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system. 30.6 Recognize common tests that are performed to determine neurologic disorders. 30.7 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various ...
Introduction - Bowling Green State University
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
... for the expression of appetitive-approach behaviors. 2) The reinforcement (Fibiger 1978, White & Milner 1992), and the reward hypotheses (Wise 1978, Wise & Rompre 1989, Schultz et al. 1997, Schultz 1998, Di Chiara 2002, Wise 2004) have largely focused on the potential learning mediating functions of ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
... Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of dim illumination and masking white noise. Preconditioning session. On the first day (day 1), the partition separating the two compartments was raised 12 cm above the floor, and a metal neut ...
... Seisakusho, Tokyo, Japan). The apparatus was enclosed by a sound- and light-attenuated box under conditions of dim illumination and masking white noise. Preconditioning session. On the first day (day 1), the partition separating the two compartments was raised 12 cm above the floor, and a metal neut ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... Several cortical areas are engaged in ocular motor control. Although these areas traditionally are viewed as an assortment of “centers” in which each is concerned with a separate function, it seems that parallel distributed processing of various inputs is required to accomplish real-life gaze shifts ...
... Several cortical areas are engaged in ocular motor control. Although these areas traditionally are viewed as an assortment of “centers” in which each is concerned with a separate function, it seems that parallel distributed processing of various inputs is required to accomplish real-life gaze shifts ...
stimulus conditions area MT of the macaque monkey under matched
... 1991b; Ohzawa et al. 1985; Priebe et al. 2002). However, these have focused on changes in responsivity (or contrast sensitivity) to a single stimulus and have not probed whether tuning is altered in a similar way at successive stages of processing. Changes in tuning are critical because they indicat ...
... 1991b; Ohzawa et al. 1985; Priebe et al. 2002). However, these have focused on changes in responsivity (or contrast sensitivity) to a single stimulus and have not probed whether tuning is altered in a similar way at successive stages of processing. Changes in tuning are critical because they indicat ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... growth, and maturation of neurons in early brain development as well as in adult brains [54,55]. BDNF promotes neuronal survival by the increased expression of pro-survival protein, Bcl-2 and via activation of CREB signaling pathway. Binding of BDNF to its receptor, TrkB, activates the MAP kinase, p ...
... growth, and maturation of neurons in early brain development as well as in adult brains [54,55]. BDNF promotes neuronal survival by the increased expression of pro-survival protein, Bcl-2 and via activation of CREB signaling pathway. Binding of BDNF to its receptor, TrkB, activates the MAP kinase, p ...
Control of Appetite and Food Preference by NMDA Receptor and Its
... melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, and the homeostatic system do communicate with the reward system to control the feeding behavior. Obes ...
... melanocortin system is capable of regulating mesocorticolimbic activity and food seeking behavior [29]. In summary, internal metabolic and physiological signals can affect both aspects of appetite, and the homeostatic system do communicate with the reward system to control the feeding behavior. Obes ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... 12–15 h in 0.1 M PB containing 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, brains were immersed into 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PB. Another six animals, used only for immunohistochemistry, were perfused transcardially, in sequence, with saline containing 0.5% sodium nitrite; 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB for 30 min; an ...
... 12–15 h in 0.1 M PB containing 4% paraformaldehyde. Then, brains were immersed into 30% sucrose in 0.1 M PB. Another six animals, used only for immunohistochemistry, were perfused transcardially, in sequence, with saline containing 0.5% sodium nitrite; 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB for 30 min; an ...