Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... The monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentobarbital administered intravenously through a femoral catheter until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was administered during surgery as needed. Surgery was ...
... The monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg, intramuscularly) followed by sodium pentobarbital administered intravenously through a femoral catheter until a surgical level of anesthesia was achieved. Additional anesthetic was administered during surgery as needed. Surgery was ...
Apparent Loss and Hypertrophy of Interneurons in a Mouse Model
... component is subunit c of the mitochondrial ATPase (Hall et al., 1991; Kominami et al., 1992; Palmer et al., 1992). In CLN1, deposits are largely composed of saposins A and D (Tyynelä et al., 1993). The molecular mechanisms by which mutations in the CLN genes lead to pathophysiology are unidentifie ...
... component is subunit c of the mitochondrial ATPase (Hall et al., 1991; Kominami et al., 1992; Palmer et al., 1992). In CLN1, deposits are largely composed of saposins A and D (Tyynelä et al., 1993). The molecular mechanisms by which mutations in the CLN genes lead to pathophysiology are unidentifie ...
uncorrected proof - Illinois State University Websites
... impact of general cilia dysfunction on magnetic orientation we tested the abnormal chemosensory mutants che-1(p672), che-3 (e1253). These genes are expressed in ciliated sensory neurons with mutations in che-1 primarily affecting cilia development in ASE, ASH, and AWA sensory neurons, and mutations ...
... impact of general cilia dysfunction on magnetic orientation we tested the abnormal chemosensory mutants che-1(p672), che-3 (e1253). These genes are expressed in ciliated sensory neurons with mutations in che-1 primarily affecting cilia development in ASE, ASH, and AWA sensory neurons, and mutations ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbox. Time periods during which the slice did not show activity were manu ...
... and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbox. Time periods during which the slice did not show activity were manu ...
Cellular Mechanisms in the Amygdala Involved in Memory
... required for auditory fear conditioning (Letzkus et al., 2011); auditory fear memory is stored in the secondary auditory cortex in cue-specific manner (Sacco & Sacchetti, 2010). The preceding section gives us a general scheme and better understanding for the neural circuit between the amygdala compl ...
... required for auditory fear conditioning (Letzkus et al., 2011); auditory fear memory is stored in the secondary auditory cortex in cue-specific manner (Sacco & Sacchetti, 2010). The preceding section gives us a general scheme and better understanding for the neural circuit between the amygdala compl ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... on the cytoarchitectonic subdivision into areas 4 and 6 according to Brodmann or the functional subdivision into primary motor, supplementary motor, and lateral premotor cortex has changed in recent years. Instead, this cortical region is now regarded as a complex mosaic of different areas. This rev ...
... on the cytoarchitectonic subdivision into areas 4 and 6 according to Brodmann or the functional subdivision into primary motor, supplementary motor, and lateral premotor cortex has changed in recent years. Instead, this cortical region is now regarded as a complex mosaic of different areas. This rev ...
Aberrant changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brain of a
... in brief experimental epileptiform symptoms, accompanied by increased NPY positive neurons in rat brain (Cardoso et al. 2010, Drexel et al. 2012). In temporal lobe epilepsy induced by trimethyltin (TMT), intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous NPY may exert powerful neuroprotection and reduce ...
... in brief experimental epileptiform symptoms, accompanied by increased NPY positive neurons in rat brain (Cardoso et al. 2010, Drexel et al. 2012). In temporal lobe epilepsy induced by trimethyltin (TMT), intracerebroventricular injection of exogenous NPY may exert powerful neuroprotection and reduce ...
Functional Organization in the Motor Cortex
... there is suppression in activation level during repeated trials. This effect did not decrease gradually with directional difference between the two consecutive trials, but it suggests that the BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cl ...
... there is suppression in activation level during repeated trials. This effect did not decrease gradually with directional difference between the two consecutive trials, but it suggests that the BOLD signal is in fact sensitive to movement direction. In addition, a model was constructed to estimate cl ...
Translocation of RNA Granules in Living Neurons
... SYTO 14 labeling of cultures. For live-cell analysis, cells were incubated with 50 nM SYTO 14 for 10 min in modified Eagle’s medium with N2 supplements plus 10 mM HEPES at 378C and then washed twice in media before evaluation. Under these conditions, neurons remained healthy for the 2 hr period of o ...
... SYTO 14 labeling of cultures. For live-cell analysis, cells were incubated with 50 nM SYTO 14 for 10 min in modified Eagle’s medium with N2 supplements plus 10 mM HEPES at 378C and then washed twice in media before evaluation. Under these conditions, neurons remained healthy for the 2 hr period of o ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precursors and mDA neurons from E10.5 to E14.5. CXCR4 is activated in N ...
... development of A9-A10 tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. We report here that Cxcl12 is expressed in the meninges surrounding the ventral midbrain (VM), whereas CXCR4 is present in NURR1+ mDA precursors and mDA neurons from E10.5 to E14.5. CXCR4 is activated in N ...
Neural substrates for conditioned taste aversion in the rat.
... in the thoracolumbar spinal cord [146]. This spinal visceronociceptive information is known to project to the parabrachial nucleus [70], a nucleus receiving also gustatory information. Several researchers [8.141.169] have shown that reliable CTAs can be established when the CS presentation coincides ...
... in the thoracolumbar spinal cord [146]. This spinal visceronociceptive information is known to project to the parabrachial nucleus [70], a nucleus receiving also gustatory information. Several researchers [8.141.169] have shown that reliable CTAs can be established when the CS presentation coincides ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... dendritic changes in layer II–III neurons in frontal cortex [64]. Thus, layer II–III pyramidal neurons in the FR1-3 area of frontal cortex (nomenclature of Zilles and Wree [70]) ipsilateral to either 192-IgG-saporin or sham lesions were drawn. Pyramidal neurons were defined by the presence of a basi ...
... dendritic changes in layer II–III neurons in frontal cortex [64]. Thus, layer II–III pyramidal neurons in the FR1-3 area of frontal cortex (nomenclature of Zilles and Wree [70]) ipsilateral to either 192-IgG-saporin or sham lesions were drawn. Pyramidal neurons were defined by the presence of a basi ...
Nitric Oxide Synthase Protein and mRNA Are
... prior to immunoprecipitation were 11,200 cpm. Basal levels of guanylate cyclase were 5 pmol/min per mg; prior to immunoprecipitation, activity was activated to 200 pmol/min per mg by either 1 mM arginine and 1 mM NADPH, or 300 PM sodium nitroprusside. This is representative of a similar experiment r ...
... prior to immunoprecipitation were 11,200 cpm. Basal levels of guanylate cyclase were 5 pmol/min per mg; prior to immunoprecipitation, activity was activated to 200 pmol/min per mg by either 1 mM arginine and 1 mM NADPH, or 300 PM sodium nitroprusside. This is representative of a similar experiment r ...
optimal feedback control and the neural basis of volitional motor
... strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons in M1 (corticomotor (CM) neurons) form synaptic connections directly onto spinal interneurons54–56, allowing M1 to have a more direct and selective i ...
... strongly to passive joint movements or skin contact. Most descending signals from the cortex pass through spinal interneurons53. However, some neurons in M1 (corticomotor (CM) neurons) form synaptic connections directly onto spinal interneurons54–56, allowing M1 to have a more direct and selective i ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... fixation breaks occurring at each time during the trial (in 500 ms bins) and under each condition (short or long delay), as a fraction of all fixation breaks committed by the monkeys. Overall, cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of a ...
... fixation breaks occurring at each time during the trial (in 500 ms bins) and under each condition (short or long delay), as a fraction of all fixation breaks committed by the monkeys. Overall, cases in which a trial was aborted by breaking fixation, even during the first second, were rare. Out of a ...
Document
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
Descartes` Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
... pensable for rationality. At their best, feelings point us in the proper direction, take us to the appropriate place in a decision-making space, where we may put the instruments of logic to good use. We are faced by uncertainty when we have to make a moral judgment, decide on the course of a persona ...
... pensable for rationality. At their best, feelings point us in the proper direction, take us to the appropriate place in a decision-making space, where we may put the instruments of logic to good use. We are faced by uncertainty when we have to make a moral judgment, decide on the course of a persona ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity and Nissl staining. Nigral degeneration was accompanied by a significant loss of dopaminergic terminals and a significant reduction of dopamine and homovanillic acid levels in the striatum. Mice deficient of the c-Rel factor exhibited a marked immunoreactivity f ...
... tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactivity and Nissl staining. Nigral degeneration was accompanied by a significant loss of dopaminergic terminals and a significant reduction of dopamine and homovanillic acid levels in the striatum. Mice deficient of the c-Rel factor exhibited a marked immunoreactivity f ...
nervous system physiology 4
... interaction of the cross-bridges from the myosin filaments with the actin filaments), causing them to slide alongside each other, which is the contractile process. Energy (ATP) is needed for the contractile process to proceed. After a fraction of a second, Ca2+ are pumped back into SR by a Ca2+-memb ...
... interaction of the cross-bridges from the myosin filaments with the actin filaments), causing them to slide alongside each other, which is the contractile process. Energy (ATP) is needed for the contractile process to proceed. After a fraction of a second, Ca2+ are pumped back into SR by a Ca2+-memb ...
Selectivity and sparseness in the responses of striate complex cells
... can be efficient from an information theoretic standpoint when they arise from sets of receptive fields that are matched to statistical regularities in the environment. Efficiency in this case means reduced redundancy (decorrelation) among responses of units within a population while seeking to preserve ...
... can be efficient from an information theoretic standpoint when they arise from sets of receptive fields that are matched to statistical regularities in the environment. Efficiency in this case means reduced redundancy (decorrelation) among responses of units within a population while seeking to preserve ...
Volumetric Two-photon Imaging of Neurons Using
... neuron’s depth in the volume. This results in short distances between deep neurons, and longer distances for shallower neurons (Fig. 1a). Although vTwINS ensures that all neurons will have distinct “paired” spatial profiles in the projection image, the analysis problem of identifying which image reg ...
... neuron’s depth in the volume. This results in short distances between deep neurons, and longer distances for shallower neurons (Fig. 1a). Although vTwINS ensures that all neurons will have distinct “paired” spatial profiles in the projection image, the analysis problem of identifying which image reg ...
Posterior White Column
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
The Spinal Cord
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
... Laterally, gray matter at base of dorsal horn mixes with white matter from lateral funiculus, this region is called reticular formation. It is noticeable in the cervical region ...
Neuron
... parietal cortex (PPC) of two monkeys performing analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which is most commonly used to test cognitive flexibility in humans. We successfully trained the monkeys to promptly perform set shifting, mostly within a single trial, and found shift-related activity: PPC n ...
... parietal cortex (PPC) of two monkeys performing analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which is most commonly used to test cognitive flexibility in humans. We successfully trained the monkeys to promptly perform set shifting, mostly within a single trial, and found shift-related activity: PPC n ...