Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... release of norepinephrine at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and when this neurotransmitter was depleted, N2O was no longer able to produce antinociception (Zhang et al., 1999). Therefore, we proposed that N2O could be activating a descending noradrenergic pathway, which stimulates ...
... release of norepinephrine at the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and when this neurotransmitter was depleted, N2O was no longer able to produce antinociception (Zhang et al., 1999). Therefore, we proposed that N2O could be activating a descending noradrenergic pathway, which stimulates ...
Brain Stimulation for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
... Anderson did show, however, a reduced burst firing pattern during DBS, which may support the notion that DBS may exert its therapeutic effects via a modulation of basal ganglia firing patterns rather than by changing firing rates. Similar results have also been observed with a rodent model of DBS (C ...
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... During development, proper formation of various organs and structures requires coordinated interactions between different cell types. In vertebrates, a prime example is the interaction between neural crest and ectodermal placodes, two cell types of distinct embryonic origin, both of which contribute ...
... During development, proper formation of various organs and structures requires coordinated interactions between different cell types. In vertebrates, a prime example is the interaction between neural crest and ectodermal placodes, two cell types of distinct embryonic origin, both of which contribute ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
Development of the brain stem in the rat. V. Thymidine‐radiographic
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
... 3H-thymidinefrom gestational day E l 2 and 13 (El2+ 13)until the day before parturition (E21+ 22) in order to label in their embryos the proliferating precursors of neurons. At 60 days of age the proportion of neurons generated (nolonger labeled) on specific embryonic days was determined quantitativ ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... cells, receive their major excitatory input from the cortex and the thalamus and project to both segments of the globus pallidus and SNr. In addition their axons give rise to a local collateral arborization, which contact other spiny neurons (8). Other striatal neurons are the small GABAergic intern ...
... cells, receive their major excitatory input from the cortex and the thalamus and project to both segments of the globus pallidus and SNr. In addition their axons give rise to a local collateral arborization, which contact other spiny neurons (8). Other striatal neurons are the small GABAergic intern ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
... emerging role of COX-2 in cognitive functions will be discussed since understanding the role of COX-2 in brain function is an important prerequisite to fully understanding how to exploit the potential benefits of COX-2 inhibition in disabling neurological diseases. COX-2 in Brain Function In mammali ...
Background - Harvard University
... instrumental, or operant, conditioning further by defining rewards as reinforcers of stimulus-response links that do not require mental processes such as intention, representation of goal, or consciousness. Although the explicit antimental stance reduced the impact of his concept, the purely behavio ...
... instrumental, or operant, conditioning further by defining rewards as reinforcers of stimulus-response links that do not require mental processes such as intention, representation of goal, or consciousness. Although the explicit antimental stance reduced the impact of his concept, the purely behavio ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... Thodeson and Nadia Siddiqui for experimental assistance. We also acknowledge our colleague Jun Zhang, who developed the computational model described here. Correspondence should be addressed to J. Wayne Aldridge, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University Street, Ann Arbor ...
... Thodeson and Nadia Siddiqui for experimental assistance. We also acknowledge our colleague Jun Zhang, who developed the computational model described here. Correspondence should be addressed to J. Wayne Aldridge, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 525 East University Street, Ann Arbor ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... in neurons of midbrain raphe nuclei, primarily by the dorsal raphe (DR), which contains about half of the mammalian nervous system’s 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., ...
... in neurons of midbrain raphe nuclei, primarily by the dorsal raphe (DR), which contains about half of the mammalian nervous system’s 5-HT neurons and represents a major source of 5-HT projections in the central nervous system, including the spinal cord (Dahlstroem and Fuxe, 1964; Descarries et al., ...
Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
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... eminence (MGE) and migrate tangentially to reach the striatal anlage (Marin et al., 2000; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2008; Olsson et al., 1995). Despite their crucial role in striatal function, the lineage relationship of the two main SIN subtypes and the molecular mechanisms that specify their distinc ...
... eminence (MGE) and migrate tangentially to reach the striatal anlage (Marin et al., 2000; Nobrega-Pereira et al., 2008; Olsson et al., 1995). Despite their crucial role in striatal function, the lineage relationship of the two main SIN subtypes and the molecular mechanisms that specify their distinc ...
My First PowerPoint Presentation
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic ...
... • TAAR1 can form a heterodimer with D2R and this interaction may be important for downstream signaling and behavior both at the level of presynaptic autoreceptors and postsynaptic ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motion information and are topographically adjacent to each other. This adjacency is an obvious example of the continuity of function across the cortical surface. It adheres to the general principle that similar functions are arranged near each other. Given a ...
... example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motion information and are topographically adjacent to each other. This adjacency is an obvious example of the continuity of function across the cortical surface. It adheres to the general principle that similar functions are arranged near each other. Given a ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... of DIV 12 normoxia control WT cortical cultures. In contrast, CM from OGD-exposed NP1-KO cultures did not induce cell toxicity in control WT cultures, suggesting a role for extracellular NP1 in neuronal death. However, NP1-KO neurons, which showed normal neuronal morphology and protection against OG ...
... of DIV 12 normoxia control WT cortical cultures. In contrast, CM from OGD-exposed NP1-KO cultures did not induce cell toxicity in control WT cultures, suggesting a role for extracellular NP1 in neuronal death. However, NP1-KO neurons, which showed normal neuronal morphology and protection against OG ...
Chapter 7 complete ppt-1 - West Branch Local School District
... Major regions of neurons Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body ...
... Major regions of neurons Cell body – nucleus and metabolic center of the cell Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... Fig. 1. (A) Scanning electron micrograph of a quartz microscope slide with grooves 520 nm deep and 2 µm wide. Note that the grooves have approximately right angled sides, sharp corners and are evenly spaced. The lower photo is a magnified view of the boxed region. (B) Angle measurement protocol for ...
... Fig. 1. (A) Scanning electron micrograph of a quartz microscope slide with grooves 520 nm deep and 2 µm wide. Note that the grooves have approximately right angled sides, sharp corners and are evenly spaced. The lower photo is a magnified view of the boxed region. (B) Angle measurement protocol for ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software (MicroBrightfield, Williston, VT). The major boundaries of the section were drawn at 2× magnification, an ...
... were counted with a Nikon Eclipse 80i microscope attached to an Optronics camera (Goleta, CA). which was in turn connected to a Dell Precision T3500 workstation using Stereoinvestigator software (MicroBrightfield, Williston, VT). The major boundaries of the section were drawn at 2× magnification, an ...
Sense Making Taste
... so only by generating unique patterns of activity across a large set of neurons. This thinking represents a “back to the future” movement among taste researchers. The very first electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensory neurons, done in the early 1940s by Carl Pfaffmann of Brown University, ...
... so only by generating unique patterns of activity across a large set of neurons. This thinking represents a “back to the future” movement among taste researchers. The very first electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensory neurons, done in the early 1940s by Carl Pfaffmann of Brown University, ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... Introduction: Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a number of behaviors, such as phototaxis and thermotaxis, in response to exte ...
... Introduction: Planarians belong to an evolutionarily early group of organisms that possess a central nervous system including a well-organized brain with a simple architecture but many types of neurons. Planarians display a number of behaviors, such as phototaxis and thermotaxis, in response to exte ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others when they must switch between different rules (Rossi et al 1999). The Stroop task and WCST are variously described as tapping the cognitive functions of either selective attention, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or rule-based or goal ...
... analog of this task (Dias et al 1996b, 1997) and in others when they must switch between different rules (Rossi et al 1999). The Stroop task and WCST are variously described as tapping the cognitive functions of either selective attention, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or rule-based or goal ...
Organization of the Macaque Extrastriate Visual Cortex Re
... example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motion information and are topographically adjacent to each other. This adjacency is an obvious example of the continuity of function across the cortical surface. It adheres to the general principle that similar functions are arranged near each other. Given a ...
... example, areas MT and MST both emphasize motion information and are topographically adjacent to each other. This adjacency is an obvious example of the continuity of function across the cortical surface. It adheres to the general principle that similar functions are arranged near each other. Given a ...
Operant conditioning and motor cortex - D
... neurons in awake, behaving primates. He had convincingly demonstrated that the firing rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and v ...
... neurons in awake, behaving primates. He had convincingly demonstrated that the firing rates of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) correlated with gross motor behavior [16], and had suggested that this correlation was indicative of a relatively direct, and causal, relationship between PTN activity and v ...