22 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Motor System in Humans
... convey into the final common pathway on its way to the effector muscles. The cerebellum (CRB) and the basal ganglia (BG) are important components of this system since they not only have descending inputs into the brain-stem, but also, they are part of closed loops from and to the cerebral cortex. No ...
... convey into the final common pathway on its way to the effector muscles. The cerebellum (CRB) and the basal ganglia (BG) are important components of this system since they not only have descending inputs into the brain-stem, but also, they are part of closed loops from and to the cerebral cortex. No ...
Morphological Analysis of Dendritic Spine Development in Primary
... Rehovot, Israel). The following morning, the cultures were washed three times (5 min each) with PB, and incubated with an FITC-labeled secondary antibody against mouse IgG (1:64; BioMakor, Rehovot, Israel) for 10 min. The cultures were rinsed three times with PB before the cells were labeled with Di ...
... Rehovot, Israel). The following morning, the cultures were washed three times (5 min each) with PB, and incubated with an FITC-labeled secondary antibody against mouse IgG (1:64; BioMakor, Rehovot, Israel) for 10 min. The cultures were rinsed three times with PB before the cells were labeled with Di ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
... the information received from gustatory receptor neurons. Whereas projections from olfactory receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In differen ...
Distribution of Agrin mRNAs in the Chick Embryo Nervous System
... especially in regions containing motor neurons (Magill-Sole and McMahan, 1988; Godfrey, 199 1). However, the precise distribution of agrin in the developing nervous system has not been reported. We have used a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to ...
... especially in regions containing motor neurons (Magill-Sole and McMahan, 1988; Godfrey, 199 1). However, the precise distribution of agrin in the developing nervous system has not been reported. We have used a combination of in situ hybridization histochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to ...
Molecular Pathways of Endoplasmic Reticulum
... activated protein kinase (PRK) and the PRK-like ER kinase (PERK). A central role is played by the chaperone GRP 78 by the activation of stress genes, as indicated by the observations that the overexpression of GRP 78 protects cells from death associated with ER stress. The unfolded protein response ...
... activated protein kinase (PRK) and the PRK-like ER kinase (PERK). A central role is played by the chaperone GRP 78 by the activation of stress genes, as indicated by the observations that the overexpression of GRP 78 protects cells from death associated with ER stress. The unfolded protein response ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... tochemistry changed our view of the nervous system. Before their introduction, brain anatomy could be summarized with black arrows indicating the connections between one group of cells and their targets along a particular pathway. With the advent of these new techniques, the dynamics and organizatio ...
... tochemistry changed our view of the nervous system. Before their introduction, brain anatomy could be summarized with black arrows indicating the connections between one group of cells and their targets along a particular pathway. With the advent of these new techniques, the dynamics and organizatio ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... The S/R assumption has provided neuroscience with a rich quantitative framework to understand the relation between neuronal activity and behavior. The methodology employed to investigate the neuronal causes of behavior can be grossly recapitulated by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). Firs ...
... The S/R assumption has provided neuroscience with a rich quantitative framework to understand the relation between neuronal activity and behavior. The methodology employed to investigate the neuronal causes of behavior can be grossly recapitulated by three successive steps (Clark et al., 2013). Firs ...
Introducing a New Product
... A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic knob Axon varicosities—swellings ...
... A single process extending from the axon hillock, sometimes covered by a fatty layer called a myelin sheath (Figure 13-6) Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body of the neuron Distal tips of axons are telodendria, each of which terminates in a synaptic knob Axon varicosities—swellings ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are th ...
... Glia are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian nervous system and they have vital roles in neural development, function and health. However our understanding of the biology of glia is in its infancy. How do glia develop and interact with neurons? How diverse are glial populations? What are th ...
Functional Independence of Layer IV Barrels in
... to the lesion-ablated barrel (AWL) and the other to an intact (normal) barrel (AWN) on another side of the test barrel (see Figs. 2 and 4). The excitatory influence of each AW was quantified as the average number of spikes/stimulus taken over eight angles of deflection. Each deflection angle was rep ...
... to the lesion-ablated barrel (AWL) and the other to an intact (normal) barrel (AWN) on another side of the test barrel (see Figs. 2 and 4). The excitatory influence of each AW was quantified as the average number of spikes/stimulus taken over eight angles of deflection. Each deflection angle was rep ...
The role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain
... the hyperalgesia and allodynia produced in the SNL model of neuropathic pain [51]. Coupled with evidence for profound decreases in Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.7 expression in axotomised DRG neurons [38,40,52], it would appear that Nav1.3 becomes the predominant TTX-S channel in injured DRG neurons. Sig ...
... the hyperalgesia and allodynia produced in the SNL model of neuropathic pain [51]. Coupled with evidence for profound decreases in Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.7 expression in axotomised DRG neurons [38,40,52], it would appear that Nav1.3 becomes the predominant TTX-S channel in injured DRG neurons. Sig ...
hypothalamus, pit..
... hypothalamus is fed by small penetrating arteries that originate directly from the tributaries of the circle of Willis. The anterior part of the hypothalamus, above the optic chiasm, is supplied by arterial feeding vessels from the anterior cerebral artery. These vessels densely penetrate the basal ...
... hypothalamus is fed by small penetrating arteries that originate directly from the tributaries of the circle of Willis. The anterior part of the hypothalamus, above the optic chiasm, is supplied by arterial feeding vessels from the anterior cerebral artery. These vessels densely penetrate the basal ...
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... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
... Recently, interest has grown in how the habenula, a poorly understood nucleus providing descending inputs to the tegmentum and raphe, may affect these behavioral states. We have used mouse genetic models to study part of this system, the dorsal medial habenula (dMHb). Here we report that the dMHb is ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... movement types, e.g. saccades and the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are well studied in monkey, and they form the basis for assessing the homologous brain structures in humans, for example in clinical cases of eye movement disorders (Horn and Leigh, 2011; Kennard, 2011). However, different species have d ...
... movement types, e.g. saccades and the vestibulo-ocular reflex, are well studied in monkey, and they form the basis for assessing the homologous brain structures in humans, for example in clinical cases of eye movement disorders (Horn and Leigh, 2011; Kennard, 2011). However, different species have d ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... Figure 2 Reference frames in the SEF. (a) Head-centered coordinate frame. Saccades (arrows) evoked by stimulation of the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) including the SEF (top) compared with saccades evoked from the FEF (left). In the DMFC, stimulation-evoked saccades go to a termination zone (gra ...
... Figure 2 Reference frames in the SEF. (a) Head-centered coordinate frame. Saccades (arrows) evoked by stimulation of the dorsomedial frontal cortex (DMFC) including the SEF (top) compared with saccades evoked from the FEF (left). In the DMFC, stimulation-evoked saccades go to a termination zone (gra ...
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of
... (Roy et al, 2009). The functional connectivity approach uses correlated neural activity between voxels to make inferences about the functional organization of the brain (Biswal et al, 2010). Conveniently, these data can be acquired at rest, unbiased from task demands. The resting-state approach char ...
... (Roy et al, 2009). The functional connectivity approach uses correlated neural activity between voxels to make inferences about the functional organization of the brain (Biswal et al, 2010). Conveniently, these data can be acquired at rest, unbiased from task demands. The resting-state approach char ...
Chapter 9 The Nervous System
... functions of the system as a whole • Identify the major types of cells in the nervous system and discuss the function of each • Identify the anatomical and functional components of a three-neuron reflex arc. Compare and contrast the propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber and across ...
... functions of the system as a whole • Identify the major types of cells in the nervous system and discuss the function of each • Identify the anatomical and functional components of a three-neuron reflex arc. Compare and contrast the propagation of a nerve impulse along a nerve fiber and across ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... will be specific to the circuits that they belong to. For example, addictive substances often work partly by increasing the effects of dopamine in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, which is associated with a general sensation of pleasure. On the other hand, in associative olfactory learning in fli ...
... will be specific to the circuits that they belong to. For example, addictive substances often work partly by increasing the effects of dopamine in the dopaminergic mesolimbic system, which is associated with a general sensation of pleasure. On the other hand, in associative olfactory learning in fli ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... subependymal layer (lamina X) and along the lateral margin of the intermediate zone (lamina VII). The most pronounced somatic NOS-IR was found in the internal basal nucleus of Cajal located along the medial border of the dorsal horn in the lower lumbar and sacral segments (Fig. 3B). This contained l ...
... subependymal layer (lamina X) and along the lateral margin of the intermediate zone (lamina VII). The most pronounced somatic NOS-IR was found in the internal basal nucleus of Cajal located along the medial border of the dorsal horn in the lower lumbar and sacral segments (Fig. 3B). This contained l ...
Neural Mapping of Direction and Frequency in
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
... nerve cell is mounted on the microscope stage, and the operator controls the precise movement of the neuron in three dimensions by means of three precision stepper motors, each mounted on a different axis of the mechanical microscope stage. The neuron is moved under the microscope so that its branch ...
cellular mechanisms of classical and operant conditioning A model
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
... A fundamental problem in neuroscience is to understand events occurring within individual neurons and within networks that contribute to learning and memory. For example, what cellular processes detect the coincidence between stimuli during classical conditioning, or between behavior and consequence ...
Sample
... 18) A group of axons bundled together coated in myelin that travels together through the body is called: A) myelin sheaths. B) nerves. C) the spinal cord. D) a neural network. Correct: Correct. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in cables called nerves. Incorrect: Incorrect. Myelin sheat ...
... 18) A group of axons bundled together coated in myelin that travels together through the body is called: A) myelin sheaths. B) nerves. C) the spinal cord. D) a neural network. Correct: Correct. Bundles of myelin-coated axons travel together in cables called nerves. Incorrect: Incorrect. Myelin sheat ...