Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
Rethinking Mammalian Brain Evolution1
... similarities among molecular systems, organ systems and developmental processes in different species provide an almost limitless source of information for investigating the evolution of biological structures. This is ultimately the final arbiter of any analysis of evolutionary relationships—even for ...
... similarities among molecular systems, organ systems and developmental processes in different species provide an almost limitless source of information for investigating the evolution of biological structures. This is ultimately the final arbiter of any analysis of evolutionary relationships—even for ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... connections and functions. Towards these aims, the introduction will begin with an overview of the cortico-BG projection system in the primate and how it has been used to establish that segregated BG circuits process motor, associative, and limbic information (Parent and Hazrati, 1995a). This will b ...
... connections and functions. Towards these aims, the introduction will begin with an overview of the cortico-BG projection system in the primate and how it has been used to establish that segregated BG circuits process motor, associative, and limbic information (Parent and Hazrati, 1995a). This will b ...
Activity Regulates the Synaptic Localization of the NMDA Receptor
... Vicini, 1992). Activity blockade prevents the decrease in NMDA responsiveness and extends the critical period for synaptic reorganization. Conversely, frog tecta chronically treated with NMDA show a decreased NMDA responsiveness coupled to refinement of topographic map formation (Debski et al., 1991 ...
... Vicini, 1992). Activity blockade prevents the decrease in NMDA responsiveness and extends the critical period for synaptic reorganization. Conversely, frog tecta chronically treated with NMDA show a decreased NMDA responsiveness coupled to refinement of topographic map formation (Debski et al., 1991 ...
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... E xperiments were conducted in three types of preparations. The first type of preparation simply consisted of the isolated buccal and cerebral ganglia. This type of preparation was used in experiments in which single cycles of ingestive motor programs were elicited by stimulation of the command-like ...
... E xperiments were conducted in three types of preparations. The first type of preparation simply consisted of the isolated buccal and cerebral ganglia. This type of preparation was used in experiments in which single cycles of ingestive motor programs were elicited by stimulation of the command-like ...
Chapter 3
... 1. __________ are the cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. a. Synapse cells b. Neurons c. Glial cells d. Terminal cells 2. What entity in the brain serves the same function as water on a water slide? a. Glial cells b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Myelin sheath d. ...
... 1. __________ are the cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. a. Synapse cells b. Neurons c. Glial cells d. Terminal cells 2. What entity in the brain serves the same function as water on a water slide? a. Glial cells b. Cerebrospinal fluid c. Myelin sheath d. ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans indicate that taste activates an area of the anterior insula/frontal operculum, which is probably the primary taste cortex (24, 43, 82, 163, 167). This area is generally found at coordinates between Y = 10 and Y = 20. Figure 3 illustrates the primary taste ...
... magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans indicate that taste activates an area of the anterior insula/frontal operculum, which is probably the primary taste cortex (24, 43, 82, 163, 167). This area is generally found at coordinates between Y = 10 and Y = 20. Figure 3 illustrates the primary taste ...
Extracellular voltage threshold settings can be tuned for optimal
... We can understand these results in the context of the topographical representation of speed and velocity in M1. The scale of the topographic organization and the homogeneity of a parameter’s representation across cortical tissue influence the optimal threshold. This observation could generalize to ot ...
... We can understand these results in the context of the topographical representation of speed and velocity in M1. The scale of the topographic organization and the homogeneity of a parameter’s representation across cortical tissue influence the optimal threshold. This observation could generalize to ot ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... permit isotope decay (five physical half-lives) and to reestablish baseline levels of blood flow in the brain. Throughout the PET session, subjects’ heads were immobilized with an individually fitted, thermoplastic facial mask. To minimize auditory activation induced by the TMS, foam earplugs were worn ...
... permit isotope decay (five physical half-lives) and to reestablish baseline levels of blood flow in the brain. Throughout the PET session, subjects’ heads were immobilized with an individually fitted, thermoplastic facial mask. To minimize auditory activation induced by the TMS, foam earplugs were worn ...
Chapter 9 Nervous System
... Impulse Processing A.How impulses are processed is dependent upon how neurons are organized in the brain and spinal cord. B.Neuronal Pools 1.Neurons within the CNS are organized into neuronal pools with varying numbers of cells. 2.Each pool receives input from afferent nerves and processes the inf ...
... Impulse Processing A.How impulses are processed is dependent upon how neurons are organized in the brain and spinal cord. B.Neuronal Pools 1.Neurons within the CNS are organized into neuronal pools with varying numbers of cells. 2.Each pool receives input from afferent nerves and processes the inf ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... arranged in cortex. Different patterns of interactions with populations of neurons in the same or different cortical areas could arise either through random neuron-to-neuron differences in the strength of direct or indirect connections or through spatially specific inputs to groups of neurons. We re ...
... arranged in cortex. Different patterns of interactions with populations of neurons in the same or different cortical areas could arise either through random neuron-to-neuron differences in the strength of direct or indirect connections or through spatially specific inputs to groups of neurons. We re ...
Sleep Neurobiology from a Clinical Perspective
... arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general, have not been found to alter their rates of firing across sleep and wakefulness.79-82 Nevertheless, extracellular lev ...
... arousal. DA-producing neurons are most abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, yet cells in these regions fire in relation to movement or reward but, in general, have not been found to alter their rates of firing across sleep and wakefulness.79-82 Nevertheless, extracellular lev ...
Meerkat Manor: An approach to simulated, genetic co
... survive. That’s the main goal, but we suspect and hope that having such will require the meerkats to learn how to dig burrows and signal each other. Clearly, the meerkats have more to learn, so we were primarily watchful of the meerkats’ survival rate as we incrementally developed our animats’ abili ...
... survive. That’s the main goal, but we suspect and hope that having such will require the meerkats to learn how to dig burrows and signal each other. Clearly, the meerkats have more to learn, so we were primarily watchful of the meerkats’ survival rate as we incrementally developed our animats’ abili ...
The Neuroscientist
... new approach to cognitive neuroscience that could complement traditional neuroimaging techniques by providing more causal insights into the functional role of circumscribed brain regions in behavior. Keywords real-time fMRI, BOLD, neurofeedback, self-regulation, operant learning Brain imaging in cog ...
... new approach to cognitive neuroscience that could complement traditional neuroimaging techniques by providing more causal insights into the functional role of circumscribed brain regions in behavior. Keywords real-time fMRI, BOLD, neurofeedback, self-regulation, operant learning Brain imaging in cog ...
Table of Contents
... (Figure 4B). Thus, the RMEs appear to limit the extent of head deflection during foraging. The RMEs receive input from sensory neurons of the head and nose; for example, SMB and SAA innervate the ipsilateral RME, either directly or indirectly (Figure 4C). Both of these neurons have long undifferenti ...
... (Figure 4B). Thus, the RMEs appear to limit the extent of head deflection during foraging. The RMEs receive input from sensory neurons of the head and nose; for example, SMB and SAA innervate the ipsilateral RME, either directly or indirectly (Figure 4C). Both of these neurons have long undifferenti ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
... circuitry? One potential risk in studying complex actions is that it might hinder a mechanistic or reductionist understanding of movement control. Traditionally, motor control is studied by examining simple components of movements. This review, however, argues that much greater insight can be gained ...
Zebrafish foxd3 is selectively required for neural crest specification
... 2001). foxd3 expression is maintained in the premigratory neural crest cells but is rapidly downregulated as neural crest cells differentiate and migrate. Functional studies in frogs and chicks, using forced expression of wild-type, dominantnegative or antisense forms of foxd3, have shown that Foxd3 ...
... 2001). foxd3 expression is maintained in the premigratory neural crest cells but is rapidly downregulated as neural crest cells differentiate and migrate. Functional studies in frogs and chicks, using forced expression of wild-type, dominantnegative or antisense forms of foxd3, have shown that Foxd3 ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... (Mahley, 1988; Bu, 2009). Brain apoE/lipoprotein particles, produced primarily by astrocytes, deliver cholesterol and other lipids to neurons via apoE receptors, which belong to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family (Herz and Bock, 2002; Herz and Chen, 2006; Bu, 2009). The LDL receptor-r ...
... (Mahley, 1988; Bu, 2009). Brain apoE/lipoprotein particles, produced primarily by astrocytes, deliver cholesterol and other lipids to neurons via apoE receptors, which belong to the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family (Herz and Bock, 2002; Herz and Chen, 2006; Bu, 2009). The LDL receptor-r ...
Somatosensory System Organization and Texture Sensation in Rats
... cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from layer IV, also receive a strong input from the principal whisker.46 So, the neuronal population extending through all layers forms a cortical column associated with a single whisker, ...
... cells to a lesser degree. Neurons in the layers above and below layer IV, which receive their main sensory input from layer IV, also receive a strong input from the principal whisker.46 So, the neuronal population extending through all layers forms a cortical column associated with a single whisker, ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is a member of the cytokine family (48). Although five leptin receptor isoforms have been identified (Ob-Ra to Ob-Re), only the long form of the receptor, Ob-Rb, possesses the cytoplasmic domain ...
... The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is a member of the cytokine family (48). Although five leptin receptor isoforms have been identified (Ob-Ra to Ob-Re), only the long form of the receptor, Ob-Rb, possesses the cytoplasmic domain ...
Visual Adaptation: Physiology, Mechanisms, and Functional Benefits
... input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered representation to downstream areas. Studies of how adaptation af ...
... input independently at each processing stage or perhaps whenever a large number of presynaptic signals are pooled (Baccus and Meister 2004). Alternatively, it could implement effects early in the processing stream and pass this altered representation to downstream areas. Studies of how adaptation af ...
Effect of Lesions of the Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus on NREM and
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
... wakefulness, are particularly numerous in the VLPO (Alam et al., 1995; Szymusiak et al., 1998). The sleep-positive neurons in the VLPO innervate the histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) (Sherin et al., 1996). These projections originate from a dense cluster of VLPO neurons jus ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...
... Locomotion is one of the most vivid expressions of the central nervous system in action. Looking at people walking in the street or the ballet dancer on the stage, motion seems effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated moto ...