Hes1 and Hes3 regulate maintenance of the isthmic organizer and
... Staining in whole mount with antibody to neuro®lament revealed that the cranial nerves connected with the hindbrain (such as V, VII, IX and X) developed normally in the double mutants at E10.5 (Figure 3B and data not shown, see Figure 4Ah and l). In addition, Krox20 was expressed normally in rhombom ...
... Staining in whole mount with antibody to neuro®lament revealed that the cranial nerves connected with the hindbrain (such as V, VII, IX and X) developed normally in the double mutants at E10.5 (Figure 3B and data not shown, see Figure 4Ah and l). In addition, Krox20 was expressed normally in rhombom ...
Coordinated Optimization of Visual Cortical Maps
... timescales. If this was the case, developmental optimization may lead to long-lived spatially irregular states that are transients towards regular patterns that would be reached after very long times or potentially never. To assess this possibility it is critical to examine model predictions over a ...
... timescales. If this was the case, developmental optimization may lead to long-lived spatially irregular states that are transients towards regular patterns that would be reached after very long times or potentially never. To assess this possibility it is critical to examine model predictions over a ...
1 - BrainMaster
... events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant. The discovery that some populations of neurons conti ...
... events are published monthly. Most recent popular textbooks in the neurosciences also provide ample coverage of basic principles of adult neurogenesis, a topic which just 20 or 30 years ago was considered tangential, controversial, or unimportant. The discovery that some populations of neurons conti ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... In most species, the majority of GnRH neurons are oval or fusiform in shape, with a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neu ...
... In most species, the majority of GnRH neurons are oval or fusiform in shape, with a maximum diameter of 10 to 20 µm. The fine structural properties of these neurons do not differ from the general neuronal attributes, except that some of the GnRH nerve cells are ciliated (8, 15). Most of the GnRH neu ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
... The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action selection and control are i ...
... The striatum is a major input structure of the basal ganglia and is a target structure of dopaminergic neurons which originate from the mid brain. These dopaminergic neurons release dopamine which is known to exert modulatory influences on the striatal projections. Action selection and control are i ...
Gene expression and specificity in the mature zone of the lobster
... sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory tra ...
... sensory neurons. The wealth of physiological and biochemical data generated from the lobster olfactory organ has made it an attractive system to investigate underlying molecular events. Candidate gene approaches and small-scale expression profiling efforts have identified components of olfactory tra ...
Prefrontal Phase Locking to Hippocampal Theta Oscillations
... this hippocampo-prefrontal directionality and timing at the level of correlations between single cells. Finally, we find that phase locking of prefrontal cells is predicted by the presence of significant correlations with hippocampal cells at positive delays up to 150 ms. The theta-entrained activit ...
... this hippocampo-prefrontal directionality and timing at the level of correlations between single cells. Finally, we find that phase locking of prefrontal cells is predicted by the presence of significant correlations with hippocampal cells at positive delays up to 150 ms. The theta-entrained activit ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... A digital imaging system, with the help of a rat brain atlas (45), was used for quantification of cell density (density of cells/mm2). The hypothalamic areas examined were the PF and the LH (bregma ⫺2.8 to ⫺3.6 mm). To obtain a total of six separate readings per subject at a given level, the density ...
... A digital imaging system, with the help of a rat brain atlas (45), was used for quantification of cell density (density of cells/mm2). The hypothalamic areas examined were the PF and the LH (bregma ⫺2.8 to ⫺3.6 mm). To obtain a total of six separate readings per subject at a given level, the density ...
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... Direct evidence for a DA dysfunction in schizophrenia has been lacking for years. As noted above, studies of HVA concentration in the CSF and in plasma have yielded inconsistent results (see Davis et al. 1991; Kahn and Davis 1995 for reviews of this literature). Early postmortem studies reported ele ...
... Direct evidence for a DA dysfunction in schizophrenia has been lacking for years. As noted above, studies of HVA concentration in the CSF and in plasma have yielded inconsistent results (see Davis et al. 1991; Kahn and Davis 1995 for reviews of this literature). Early postmortem studies reported ele ...
Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... in vivo (Szebenyi et al., 1998). Cortical neurons initially extend numerous minor processes from the cell body that are approximately equal in length and tipped by growth cones. One of the processes then continues to elongate and becomes the single axon. This scenario is also consistent with develop ...
... in vivo (Szebenyi et al., 1998). Cortical neurons initially extend numerous minor processes from the cell body that are approximately equal in length and tipped by growth cones. One of the processes then continues to elongate and becomes the single axon. This scenario is also consistent with develop ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats were trained to perform reach-to-grasp movements for 7 d (15 min/d), and the dominant paw was determined as described previously (Parr-Brownlie ...
... 12 h light/dark cycle with restricted food (18 g/d) and free water access. All experiments were conducted during the rats’ dark cycle. Before surgery, rats were trained to perform reach-to-grasp movements for 7 d (15 min/d), and the dominant paw was determined as described previously (Parr-Brownlie ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... modulation of motivation and emotion (Figure 1). Specifically, orexin neuronal projections are particularly abundant in brain structures such as the mPFC, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, AMY, locus coeruleus, paraventricular hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocall ...
... modulation of motivation and emotion (Figure 1). Specifically, orexin neuronal projections are particularly abundant in brain structures such as the mPFC, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral septum, AMY, locus coeruleus, paraventricular hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei [26]. Reciprocall ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... influence of precise phase synchronization to trigger neuronal interactions. Taken together, these results provide the most direct evidence available so far to suggest a critical mechanistic role of selective synchronization for neuronal interactions. They demonstrate that synchronization patterns c ...
... influence of precise phase synchronization to trigger neuronal interactions. Taken together, these results provide the most direct evidence available so far to suggest a critical mechanistic role of selective synchronization for neuronal interactions. They demonstrate that synchronization patterns c ...
The time course of selective visual attention: theory and experiments
... visual information, so that the limited computational resources of the brain can handle it. The aim of a priority map is to represent topographically the relevance of the different parts of the visual field, in order to have an a priori mechanism for guiding the attentional focus on salient regions of ...
... visual information, so that the limited computational resources of the brain can handle it. The aim of a priority map is to represent topographically the relevance of the different parts of the visual field, in order to have an a priori mechanism for guiding the attentional focus on salient regions of ...
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker
... elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis responses (vertical plane plus negative yaw). The interactions between the velocity and integrated velocity components also produced variations in the temporal pattern of responses as a function of rotation direct ...
... elevation responses (vertical plane plus ipsilateral yaw), and negative elevation axis responses (vertical plane plus negative yaw). The interactions between the velocity and integrated velocity components also produced variations in the temporal pattern of responses as a function of rotation direct ...
A Selection Model for Motion Processing in Area MT
... proceeds from left to right in the model, starting with the retinal input and proceeding through three feedforward stages of processing. The local velocity and selection stages operate in parallel. Shading within the boxes indicates different levels of activity at each stage. Arrows within motion-en ...
... proceeds from left to right in the model, starting with the retinal input and proceeding through three feedforward stages of processing. The local velocity and selection stages operate in parallel. Shading within the boxes indicates different levels of activity at each stage. Arrows within motion-en ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architectonic area Ts1 were matched for rostro-caudal level across cases (cases AY, BG, ...
... each case (total = 8 in 5 cases), and 1--3 pieces from the middle layers (total = 8 in 5 cases), representative of the labeling in area Ts1 (cases AY, BG, BC, BA), or in area Ts3 (case BF). The sites sampled from architectonic area Ts1 were matched for rostro-caudal level across cases (cases AY, BG, ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... sleep and other neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. The following studies will support the hypothesis that TNF-α is both present and functionally active at the levels found in uninflamed, healthy brain. In “normal” or control rodent brain, TNF-α protein and/or TNF-α mRNA are expressed by neurons ...
... sleep and other neuroendocrine and autonomic functions. The following studies will support the hypothesis that TNF-α is both present and functionally active at the levels found in uninflamed, healthy brain. In “normal” or control rodent brain, TNF-α protein and/or TNF-α mRNA are expressed by neurons ...
Ethanol Facilitates Glutamatergic Transmission to Dopamine
... ethanol (10–80 mM) increase the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and reduce their paired-pulse ratio in dopamine neurons in the VTA. The EPSCs were mediated by glutamate a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In addition, ethanol increases the frequency but not the amplitude ...
... ethanol (10–80 mM) increase the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and reduce their paired-pulse ratio in dopamine neurons in the VTA. The EPSCs were mediated by glutamate a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In addition, ethanol increases the frequency but not the amplitude ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... rats learned to turn right or left for 3 days. Half of the rats then underwent reversal training. The remaining rats were yoked to rats undergoing reversal training, such that they ran the same number of trials but ran them as continued-acquisition trials. Brains were removed and processed using dou ...
... rats learned to turn right or left for 3 days. Half of the rats then underwent reversal training. The remaining rats were yoked to rats undergoing reversal training, such that they ran the same number of trials but ran them as continued-acquisition trials. Brains were removed and processed using dou ...
Chapter 02 Neuroscience and Behavior
... As the impulse travels along the axon, the movement of ions causes a change in charge from positive to neutral in successive sections of the axon. ...
... As the impulse travels along the axon, the movement of ions causes a change in charge from positive to neutral in successive sections of the axon. ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... or muscle contractions required. Although we are consciously aware of the intent to perform a task, such as driving a car, and planning certain sequences of actions, and at times we are aware of deciding to move at a particular moment, the details of our movements generally seem to occur automatical ...
... or muscle contractions required. Although we are consciously aware of the intent to perform a task, such as driving a car, and planning certain sequences of actions, and at times we are aware of deciding to move at a particular moment, the details of our movements generally seem to occur automatical ...
mecp2 and the epigenetic regulation of excitatory synaptic
... ubiquitously, symptoms of RTT patients are primarily neurological, which include reduced mental capacity, autistic-like behavior and autonomic dysfunction. In addition, a mouse model with reduced MeCP2 expression specifically in postnatal, forebrain neurons recapitulates many of the phenotypes seen ...
... ubiquitously, symptoms of RTT patients are primarily neurological, which include reduced mental capacity, autistic-like behavior and autonomic dysfunction. In addition, a mouse model with reduced MeCP2 expression specifically in postnatal, forebrain neurons recapitulates many of the phenotypes seen ...