Reflex Testing in The Laboratory
... signals are sent out (motor or efferent; EE fair unt) to the effector organ. In simple stretch reflexes, only two neurons are involved: sensory and motor, graphic, above. In this figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustra ...
... signals are sent out (motor or efferent; EE fair unt) to the effector organ. In simple stretch reflexes, only two neurons are involved: sensory and motor, graphic, above. In this figure, a stretch reflex is illustrated. The way it works is in this manner: 1) a tendon is stimulated (in this illustra ...
Neural Networks
... Zhongzhi Shi, Markus Stumptner, Yalei Hao, Gerald Quirchmayr Knowledge and Software Engineering Lab ...
... Zhongzhi Shi, Markus Stumptner, Yalei Hao, Gerald Quirchmayr Knowledge and Software Engineering Lab ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
... of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) and xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... specialized synaptic junctions where electrical excitability in the form of an action potential is translated into the release of a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that carries the information between cells. In order for synapses to be effective at repeated signalling, neurotransmitters must ...
... specialized synaptic junctions where electrical excitability in the form of an action potential is translated into the release of a chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, that carries the information between cells. In order for synapses to be effective at repeated signalling, neurotransmitters must ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... together (Schultz et al., 1997). PEs covary with the probability of reward and loss and reflect the deviation of actual outcomes from their expectations (Schultz et al., 1997). They are assumed to underlie adaptive outcome predictions to gain future rewards (Montague et al., 2004) and to avoid poten ...
... together (Schultz et al., 1997). PEs covary with the probability of reward and loss and reflect the deviation of actual outcomes from their expectations (Schultz et al., 1997). They are assumed to underlie adaptive outcome predictions to gain future rewards (Montague et al., 2004) and to avoid poten ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... The dendritic tree of a typical projection neuron in the mammalian brain contains thousands of dendritic spines, which serve as the postsynaptic sites for the vast majority of excitatory synapses (Harris, 1999). Dendritic spines are highly dynamic structures that undergo changes in size, shape, and ...
... The dendritic tree of a typical projection neuron in the mammalian brain contains thousands of dendritic spines, which serve as the postsynaptic sites for the vast majority of excitatory synapses (Harris, 1999). Dendritic spines are highly dynamic structures that undergo changes in size, shape, and ...
Csercsa Richárd
... functional significance. Neural elements and processes related to sleep may give us a clue for its functions. Unfortunately, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation, maintenance, and termination of sleep are still not clear. Theories and the current conceptions of these mechanisms are descri ...
... functional significance. Neural elements and processes related to sleep may give us a clue for its functions. Unfortunately, the neural mechanisms underlying the generation, maintenance, and termination of sleep are still not clear. Theories and the current conceptions of these mechanisms are descri ...
Brca1 is required for embryonic development of the mouse cerebral
... by Emx1-Cre, Brca1 mRNA was not detected in the E11.5 dorsal telencephalon but was still expressed in the ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon (Fig. 1A, right). This demonstrated the regional specificity of Brca1 ablation, consistent with specific expression of Emx1-Cre in the dorsal te ...
... by Emx1-Cre, Brca1 mRNA was not detected in the E11.5 dorsal telencephalon but was still expressed in the ganglionic eminences of the ventral telencephalon (Fig. 1A, right). This demonstrated the regional specificity of Brca1 ablation, consistent with specific expression of Emx1-Cre in the dorsal te ...
Functional Organization of Nervous System
... Cortical Layers Six anatomically distinct layers Differ in shape and density of neurons Variable number of connections within each layer ...
... Cortical Layers Six anatomically distinct layers Differ in shape and density of neurons Variable number of connections within each layer ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... the posterior complex (POm). In addition, there are two types of corticothalamic pathways (see Fig. 1) that differ in the layer of cortex from where they originate (for review Guillery, 1995). One pathway originates in layer VI and sends reciprocal connections to both primary and secondary thalamic ...
... the posterior complex (POm). In addition, there are two types of corticothalamic pathways (see Fig. 1) that differ in the layer of cortex from where they originate (for review Guillery, 1995). One pathway originates in layer VI and sends reciprocal connections to both primary and secondary thalamic ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
... the more specific organization of those systems in the control of the alternation of wake, non–rapid eye movement (NREM), and REM sleep. Although the main focus of the chapter is on the our own model of reciprocal aminergic-cholinergic interaction, we review new data suggesting the involvement of ma ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... to stimulation applied at 7 V (9/10 animals), 5 V (7/10 animals) and 3 V (6/10 animals). In the present study, we quantitatively analyzed the excitatory propagation evoked with stimulation at 3 V and then excluded cases in which the S1 responses were faint in comparison to the temporal kinetics of e ...
... to stimulation applied at 7 V (9/10 animals), 5 V (7/10 animals) and 3 V (6/10 animals). In the present study, we quantitatively analyzed the excitatory propagation evoked with stimulation at 3 V and then excluded cases in which the S1 responses were faint in comparison to the temporal kinetics of e ...
The Big Picture File
... contours of the brain (called gyri and sulci) • The pia is pierced by blood vessels which travel to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries are responsible for nourishing the brain ...
... contours of the brain (called gyri and sulci) • The pia is pierced by blood vessels which travel to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries are responsible for nourishing the brain ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
Basis Functions for Object
... we are told that it lies at the bottom of the figure in retinotopic coordinates, we can conclude that this is the left side in object-centered coordinates. Therefore, the relative retinotopic coordinates of the subparts of the object are a critical piece of information. This example shows that four ...
... we are told that it lies at the bottom of the figure in retinotopic coordinates, we can conclude that this is the left side in object-centered coordinates. Therefore, the relative retinotopic coordinates of the subparts of the object are a critical piece of information. This example shows that four ...
Axon Initial Segment Cytoskeleton: Architecture, Development, and
... for the astonishing speed and propagation of signal transmission along the axon. Although nodes of Ranvier share many features with the AIS in terms of protein composition and ability to generate action potentials for saltatory nerve conduction, nodes have not been implicated so far in polarityrelat ...
... for the astonishing speed and propagation of signal transmission along the axon. Although nodes of Ranvier share many features with the AIS in terms of protein composition and ability to generate action potentials for saltatory nerve conduction, nodes have not been implicated so far in polarityrelat ...
PDF - Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences
... suffering from SCI has been discovered because the injury mechanism is very complicated. Furthermore no matter, given timely handling or not，the outcome of SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspect ...
... suffering from SCI has been discovered because the injury mechanism is very complicated. Furthermore no matter, given timely handling or not，the outcome of SCI is not satisfactory. Thus, it’s urgent to find effective treatment methods for SCI, and many experiments have been done covering many aspect ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... 2007; Mikami et al., 2007). It has also been shown that group I mGluRs can modulate ICAN and transient receptor potential-like (TRP) channels, which are strong candidates as molecular correlates for ICAN (Congar et al., 1997; Gee et al., 2003; Ene et al., 2007; Fowler et al., 2007). These findings su ...
... 2007; Mikami et al., 2007). It has also been shown that group I mGluRs can modulate ICAN and transient receptor potential-like (TRP) channels, which are strong candidates as molecular correlates for ICAN (Congar et al., 1997; Gee et al., 2003; Ene et al., 2007; Fowler et al., 2007). These findings su ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... exceeding the mundane ‘relay’. For many mammals, it is structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction o ...
... exceeding the mundane ‘relay’. For many mammals, it is structurally impressive: Exquisite lamination, sophisticated microcircuits, and blending of multiple inputs suggest some fundamental transform. This impression is bolstered by the fact that numerically, the retina accounts for a small fraction o ...
PDF - Kalina Christoff
... sought answers to questions about the neural correlates of psychedelic experiences. The purpose of this chapter is to review this small but growing body of functional neuroimaging research, and address two ...
... sought answers to questions about the neural correlates of psychedelic experiences. The purpose of this chapter is to review this small but growing body of functional neuroimaging research, and address two ...
Warm pleasant feelings in the brain
... our behaviour to stimuli that are important for survival (Rolls, 2005). Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct ...
... our behaviour to stimuli that are important for survival (Rolls, 2005). Indeed, warm and cold stimuli may be important prototypical primary, that is unlearned, reinforcers, and investigation of the neural mechanisms that are related to these stimuli and the feelings they arouse may provide a direct ...
Descending Inhibitory Systems
... These findings indicate that plastic changes at the medullary level contribute to maintenance of enhanced descending inhibition following inflammation (Ren and Dubner, 2002). In contrast, phasic descending inhibition of spinal dorsal horn neurons has been reduced following a peripheral nerve injury ...
... These findings indicate that plastic changes at the medullary level contribute to maintenance of enhanced descending inhibition following inflammation (Ren and Dubner, 2002). In contrast, phasic descending inhibition of spinal dorsal horn neurons has been reduced following a peripheral nerve injury ...