Understanding the Gut Brain
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
Chapter 48
... • Concept 48.5: The vertebrate nervous system is regionally specialized • In all vertebrates, the nervous system – Shows a high degree of cephalization and distinct CNS and PNS components ...
... • Concept 48.5: The vertebrate nervous system is regionally specialized • In all vertebrates, the nervous system – Shows a high degree of cephalization and distinct CNS and PNS components ...
The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... and glutamatergic antagonists blocked the large neuron output as shown by recording from their axon bundles. These findings suggest that there is no strong direct connection from MSFL axons to the large neurons and that the main connections within the VL are the MSFL inputs onto the amacrine cells, ...
... and glutamatergic antagonists blocked the large neuron output as shown by recording from their axon bundles. These findings suggest that there is no strong direct connection from MSFL axons to the large neurons and that the main connections within the VL are the MSFL inputs onto the amacrine cells, ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... mounting medium containing DAPI (blue) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) to stain nuclei. Immunofluorescence was visualized using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus IX51fitted with DP2-DSW-V3.2 application software) at 10 ? and ZEISS Axioimager M2 (AxioVision SE64 Rel.4.8.1 application s ...
... mounting medium containing DAPI (blue) (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR, USA) to stain nuclei. Immunofluorescence was visualized using an inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus IX51fitted with DP2-DSW-V3.2 application software) at 10 ? and ZEISS Axioimager M2 (AxioVision SE64 Rel.4.8.1 application s ...
Lab #6: Neurophysiology Simulation
... negative, and the membrane potential moves back towards the resting potential. Once the membrane potential is repolarized below threshold, the voltage-gated K+ channels close. Although the resting potential has been restored, the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ are now different from resting ...
... negative, and the membrane potential moves back towards the resting potential. Once the membrane potential is repolarized below threshold, the voltage-gated K+ channels close. Although the resting potential has been restored, the concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ are now different from resting ...
Postnatal characterization of cells in the accessory olfactory bulb of
... pheromones to the same animal provoke responses from both MOB and AOB (Luo et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2005). This suggests that these two systems might not be as functionally distinct as was originally thought (Meredith, 1991; Baum and Kelliher, 2009). Molecular and functional characteristics of these ...
... pheromones to the same animal provoke responses from both MOB and AOB (Luo et al., 2003; Xu et al., 2005). This suggests that these two systems might not be as functionally distinct as was originally thought (Meredith, 1991; Baum and Kelliher, 2009). Molecular and functional characteristics of these ...
Motor disorders
... Intermediate cortex/interpositus. Ablations of the nucleus interpositus in monkeys causes tremor. Thus the interpositus in monkeys might be most concerned with the balance of agonistantagonist muscle activity of the limb as it moves. It has been speculated that the interpositus normally uses abunda ...
... Intermediate cortex/interpositus. Ablations of the nucleus interpositus in monkeys causes tremor. Thus the interpositus in monkeys might be most concerned with the balance of agonistantagonist muscle activity of the limb as it moves. It has been speculated that the interpositus normally uses abunda ...
Glutamate Inhibits GABA Excitatory Activity in
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
... to calibrate the system according to the equation of Grynkiewicz et al. (1985). Additional details have been described previously (van den Pol et al., 1996, 1997). W hole-cell recording in cultured neurons. Neurons were recorded with patch pipettes (4 – 6 MV size tip). An EPC7 amplifier was used wit ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... (STN) is to relay cortical activity to other basal ganglia structures. The response of the STN to cortical input is shaped by inhibition from the reciprocally connected globus pallidus (GP). To examine the activity in the STN–GP network in relation to cortical activity, we recorded single and multip ...
... (STN) is to relay cortical activity to other basal ganglia structures. The response of the STN to cortical input is shaped by inhibition from the reciprocally connected globus pallidus (GP). To examine the activity in the STN–GP network in relation to cortical activity, we recorded single and multip ...
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... 2 Mirror Neurons, Internal Simulation and Social Neuroscience In this section two core concepts in the discipline of Social Neuroscience are briefly discussed: mirror neurons and internal simulation. Together they realise an individual’s mental function of mirroring mental processes of another indi ...
... 2 Mirror Neurons, Internal Simulation and Social Neuroscience In this section two core concepts in the discipline of Social Neuroscience are briefly discussed: mirror neurons and internal simulation. Together they realise an individual’s mental function of mirroring mental processes of another indi ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the suppression of unwanted behavior. Monkeys as well as humans can voluntarily move their eyes not only to look at something but also to avoid looking at something. In social situations, the inability to avert our gaze may re ...
... than its suppression. The saccadic system provides an excellent model for the suppression of unwanted behavior. Monkeys as well as humans can voluntarily move their eyes not only to look at something but also to avoid looking at something. In social situations, the inability to avert our gaze may re ...
The Neuropsychology of Sigmund Freud
... are overemphasized, "one-trial learning" and inability to allow subsequent modification characterizes the behavior of the system. Freud examines the retentive process. He abandons the then current and not as yet completely abandoned view, that sensory and memory mechanisms are separable on a gross a ...
... are overemphasized, "one-trial learning" and inability to allow subsequent modification characterizes the behavior of the system. Freud examines the retentive process. He abandons the then current and not as yet completely abandoned view, that sensory and memory mechanisms are separable on a gross a ...
Grid Cell Mechanisms and Function: Contributions of Michael E. Hasselmo*
... synaptic input from a population of head direction cells with the opposite angle of preference. (Alternately, two populations receiving separate head direction input could converge to neurons providing input to the grid cell.) A simple example is shown in Figures 1C and 2A for persistent spiking cel ...
... synaptic input from a population of head direction cells with the opposite angle of preference. (Alternately, two populations receiving separate head direction input could converge to neurons providing input to the grid cell.) A simple example is shown in Figures 1C and 2A for persistent spiking cel ...
Implementation of an Educational Wireless Biopotential
... Among the variety of existing types of neurons, one of the main differences is the direction of information transmission between central and peripheral nervous system. Afferent neurons carry information about stimuli to the central nervous system. Efferent neurons carry signals away from the central ...
... Among the variety of existing types of neurons, one of the main differences is the direction of information transmission between central and peripheral nervous system. Afferent neurons carry information about stimuli to the central nervous system. Efferent neurons carry signals away from the central ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... subsequent activation of intracellular signaling cascades, and thus induces long-lasting maladaptive plasticity [19]. Although Barr et al. have identified a novel mechanism by which cocaine promotes activation of D1 -expressing nAcc neurons, the enhancement of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors ...
... subsequent activation of intracellular signaling cascades, and thus induces long-lasting maladaptive plasticity [19]. Although Barr et al. have identified a novel mechanism by which cocaine promotes activation of D1 -expressing nAcc neurons, the enhancement of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors ...
the neuron types of the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb
... to lie on the very edges of the glomeruli, and others deep in the interglomerular spaces, and they give dendritic arborizations to one or more glomeruli; some lie very close to the external tufted cells, which are also found in this region, particularly in the deeper parts of it. The axons of the ex ...
... to lie on the very edges of the glomeruli, and others deep in the interglomerular spaces, and they give dendritic arborizations to one or more glomeruli; some lie very close to the external tufted cells, which are also found in this region, particularly in the deeper parts of it. The axons of the ex ...
Brain-implantable biomimetic electronics as the next era in neural
... science and technology that will enable the functions of specific brain damaged regions to be replaced by multichip modules consisting of novel hybrid analog/digital microchips. The component microchips are “neurocomputational” incorporating experimentally based mathematical models of the nonlinear ...
... science and technology that will enable the functions of specific brain damaged regions to be replaced by multichip modules consisting of novel hybrid analog/digital microchips. The component microchips are “neurocomputational” incorporating experimentally based mathematical models of the nonlinear ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... their communication with gustatory and autonomic nerve fibers was already well known at the beginning of the twentieth century (19). Since then it has been studied through in a great detail (5, 44, 51, 69, 71, and the references therein). A survey of the literature reveals that each of these nerves ...
... their communication with gustatory and autonomic nerve fibers was already well known at the beginning of the twentieth century (19). Since then it has been studied through in a great detail (5, 44, 51, 69, 71, and the references therein). A survey of the literature reveals that each of these nerves ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
... Volen Center for Complex Systems and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110 ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up to ⬃20 msec. This frequency-dependent delay could degrade the te ...
... frequencies. Figure 3D shows the mean slope of the stimuli preceding bursts at a range of frequencies. The maximal positive slopes (dark red) always precede bursts. Note, that at ⬎10 Hz there is a frequency-dependent delay of bursts up to ⬃20 msec. This frequency-dependent delay could degrade the te ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.