The emergence of a shared action ontology: Building blocks for a
... Fig. 1. Example of an F5 mirror neuron responding to action observation in Full vision and in Hidden condition. The lower part of each panel illustrates schematically the experimenterÕs action as observed from the monkeyÕs vantage point: the experimenterÕs hand starting from a fixed position, moving ...
... Fig. 1. Example of an F5 mirror neuron responding to action observation in Full vision and in Hidden condition. The lower part of each panel illustrates schematically the experimenterÕs action as observed from the monkeyÕs vantage point: the experimenterÕs hand starting from a fixed position, moving ...
PPT - Altogen Biosystems
... among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The HCAEC Cell Transfection Reagent is a nanoparticle-based liposome mediated formulation, and it has been developed to provide high transfection efficiency with HCAEC. This cell line is a good host for studying the circulatory syst ...
... among a host of 100+ cell line specific In Vitro Transfection Kits. The HCAEC Cell Transfection Reagent is a nanoparticle-based liposome mediated formulation, and it has been developed to provide high transfection efficiency with HCAEC. This cell line is a good host for studying the circulatory syst ...
Sensory Systems - Zanichelli online per la scuola
... Sensory Systems - How do sensory cells convert stimuli into action potentials? Stimulating a sensory cell produces a receptor potential ...
... Sensory Systems - How do sensory cells convert stimuli into action potentials? Stimulating a sensory cell produces a receptor potential ...
Disease Modeling Using Embryonic Stem Cells
... reported, these levels increase dramatically during the second week of neuronal maturation (Fig. 1D, 1E), reflecting synaptogenesis and functional connectivity during this period [12]. No significant differences were found between wild-type and Mecp2/y neurons (Fig. 1E). In this system, synaptic tr ...
... reported, these levels increase dramatically during the second week of neuronal maturation (Fig. 1D, 1E), reflecting synaptogenesis and functional connectivity during this period [12]. No significant differences were found between wild-type and Mecp2/y neurons (Fig. 1E). In this system, synaptic tr ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... structural features and connections are likely to have functional implications. In our own material, the di2erential prevalence of inhibitory interneurons that express parvalbumin or calbindin in di2erent types of cortex has implications for inhibitory control in the cortex. Parvalbumin is expressed ...
... structural features and connections are likely to have functional implications. In our own material, the di2erential prevalence of inhibitory interneurons that express parvalbumin or calbindin in di2erent types of cortex has implications for inhibitory control in the cortex. Parvalbumin is expressed ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
... afterhyperpolarization and fired rebound spikes following the offset of a hyperpolarizing current pulse delivered when the cell was depolarized (Fig. 4B), characteristics different from those of either PV+ or LTS neurons. Depolarization from rest sometimes evoked a plateau-like potential that did no ...
... afterhyperpolarization and fired rebound spikes following the offset of a hyperpolarizing current pulse delivered when the cell was depolarized (Fig. 4B), characteristics different from those of either PV+ or LTS neurons. Depolarization from rest sometimes evoked a plateau-like potential that did no ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... (n ⫽ 66) responded during the object-fixation task (object-type). Among these, 55 were tested for their shape selectivity during the object-fixation task, and many (n ⫽ 25) were highly selective, preferring one particular shape of the six different shapes presented (ring, cube, cylinder, cone, spher ...
... (n ⫽ 66) responded during the object-fixation task (object-type). Among these, 55 were tested for their shape selectivity during the object-fixation task, and many (n ⫽ 25) were highly selective, preferring one particular shape of the six different shapes presented (ring, cube, cylinder, cone, spher ...
Deciphering a neural code for vision
... and a microsuction electrode for recording responses from a single optic nerve fiber. The barrel of the electrode protrudes to the right from the recording chamber, which is sealed with a white cap (2.5 cm diameter). Cables lead the video and optic nerve signals to recording electronics located on a ...
... and a microsuction electrode for recording responses from a single optic nerve fiber. The barrel of the electrode protrudes to the right from the recording chamber, which is sealed with a white cap (2.5 cm diameter). Cables lead the video and optic nerve signals to recording electronics located on a ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
S-potentials precede and drive nearly all LGN spikes in a burst.
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
... tonic. The bursting mode has been shown in cats and guinea pigs to depend on activation of the low-threshold calcium current (IT). Characteristically, all spikes but the first one in a burst do not require additional synaptic input to occur because IT depolarizes the cell, generating several INa act ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... animal models have been suggested to cause these symptoms, such as oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation in different parts of the central nervous system and impaired axonal transport [26]. Up till now, none of the cellular defects found have led t ...
... animal models have been suggested to cause these symptoms, such as oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation in different parts of the central nervous system and impaired axonal transport [26]. Up till now, none of the cellular defects found have led t ...
Independent and Convergent Signals From the Pontomedullary
... precede the movement, often by more than 100 ms, have been referred to as preparatory APAs (pAPAs; Gahéry 1987). There are also postural responses that occur during the movement and ...
... precede the movement, often by more than 100 ms, have been referred to as preparatory APAs (pAPAs; Gahéry 1987). There are also postural responses that occur during the movement and ...
learning motor skills by imitation: a biologically inspired robotic model
... with these properties are referred to as ``mirror neurons’’ (Rizzolati et al., 1996a). The interpretation of mirror neurons is that they might be responsible ``for matching the neural command for an action with the neural code for the recognition of the same action executed by another primate’’ (Jea ...
... with these properties are referred to as ``mirror neurons’’ (Rizzolati et al., 1996a). The interpretation of mirror neurons is that they might be responsible ``for matching the neural command for an action with the neural code for the recognition of the same action executed by another primate’’ (Jea ...
Categorical perception of somesthetic stimuli: psychophysical
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
... stimulus speeds (categorical neurons). In a light instruction task, we tested the possibility that the categorical neurons (n = 71) were associated with the intention to press, or with the trajectory of the hand to one of the two target switches used to indicate categorization. In this situation, ea ...
Relational Networks
... At the bottom are the interfaces to the world outside the brain: • Sense organs on the input side • Muscles on the output side ‘Up’ is more abstract ...
... At the bottom are the interfaces to the world outside the brain: • Sense organs on the input side • Muscles on the output side ‘Up’ is more abstract ...
Function of Peripheral Olfactory Organs
... and Card6 1994). Even close to an odour source - and that includes along insect trails such as those produced by termites, ants, and gregarious caterpillars in which the trail follower is never more than a few millimeters from the source - there is no evidence that anything other than the relative d ...
... and Card6 1994). Even close to an odour source - and that includes along insect trails such as those produced by termites, ants, and gregarious caterpillars in which the trail follower is never more than a few millimeters from the source - there is no evidence that anything other than the relative d ...
Evolving Fuzzy Neural Networks - Algorithms, Applications
... accent data. In the experiments below, four EFuNNs are evolved to learn existing data on four NZ English phonemes. Recognition results are compared with the results when ordinary FuNNs are used and when GAFuNNs (FuNNs optimised by a genetic algorithm) are used [13]. Then one of the EFuNNs, the phon ...
... accent data. In the experiments below, four EFuNNs are evolved to learn existing data on four NZ English phonemes. Recognition results are compared with the results when ordinary FuNNs are used and when GAFuNNs (FuNNs optimised by a genetic algorithm) are used [13]. Then one of the EFuNNs, the phon ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... in emotional communication. These findings suggest diversity in inhibitory control by distinct prefrontal pathways. Keywords: auditory association cortex, calbindin, inhibitory neurons, laminar connections, parvalbumin Introduction At any one time large arrays of stimuli impinge on our senses, yet w ...
... in emotional communication. These findings suggest diversity in inhibitory control by distinct prefrontal pathways. Keywords: auditory association cortex, calbindin, inhibitory neurons, laminar connections, parvalbumin Introduction At any one time large arrays of stimuli impinge on our senses, yet w ...
Retinal projection to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali
... compared to those labeled from nBOR, in which the proportion of DGCs was much higher (84–93%). DGCs were also labeled after injections into the anterior dorsolateral thalamus. The proportion was small (2–3%), and these DGCs were smaller in size than those projecting to the nBOR and LM. No DGCs were ...
... compared to those labeled from nBOR, in which the proportion of DGCs was much higher (84–93%). DGCs were also labeled after injections into the anterior dorsolateral thalamus. The proportion was small (2–3%), and these DGCs were smaller in size than those projecting to the nBOR and LM. No DGCs were ...
Objectives:
... structure. Stimulation induces docile behavior and can suppress many autonomic responses [animals with electodes in septal area will bar press; Pleasure Area]. Lesions result in rage and aggressive behavior and can trigger many ...
... structure. Stimulation induces docile behavior and can suppress many autonomic responses [animals with electodes in septal area will bar press; Pleasure Area]. Lesions result in rage and aggressive behavior and can trigger many ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... Rat experiments. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Ponce School of Medicine, in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Department of Health and Human Services publication 86-23). Experiments were performed in 10 male ...
... Rat experiments. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Ponce School of Medicine, in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Department of Health and Human Services publication 86-23). Experiments were performed in 10 male ...
The migration of neural crest cells and the growth of
... that neural crest cells demonstrate the same specificity as motor axons, and, like them, migrate through the rostral half of each somite. We also report the results of experiments in which we have ablated the neural crest, and examined the subsequent pathway of the motor nerve fibres through crest-f ...
... that neural crest cells demonstrate the same specificity as motor axons, and, like them, migrate through the rostral half of each somite. We also report the results of experiments in which we have ablated the neural crest, and examined the subsequent pathway of the motor nerve fibres through crest-f ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.