Auditory Nerve Stochasticity Impedes Category Learning: the Role
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
... Fig 1. Schematic representation of the full AN-CN-IC-A1 (A), the reduced AN-A1 (B) and the simple four-stage (C) models of the auditory brain. Blue circles represent excitatory (E) and red circles represent inhibitory (I) neurons. The connectivity within each stage of the models is demonstrated usin ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
... For each electrode penetration, the position of the electrode was set relative to a reference mark on the skull. The depth at which each neuron was studied was recorded. In three animals, locations of recording sites were reconstructed chiefly from reference marks that were made at selected sites du ...
Sequencing by Synthesis
... 9,499 insertions and deletions 260 SNCs result in amino acid change, 72 affect splicing patterns, 35 affect transcription Among 23 most conserved changes in modern human populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neuro ...
... 9,499 insertions and deletions 260 SNCs result in amino acid change, 72 affect splicing patterns, 35 affect transcription Among 23 most conserved changes in modern human populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neuro ...
Characterisation of the zebrafish cerebellar efferent system
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
... largely unknown. In this study, the EC population of the zebrafish was identified and characterised using expression analysis in combination with retrograde axon tracing and in vivo time-lapse imaging. In addition, early development of ECs, their differentiation behaviour and their integration into ...
Synaptic Regulation of Action Potential Timing in
... TANs perform a central role in motor learning within the neostriatum (Graybiel et al., 1994; Aosaki et al., 1995) and further suggest that it is the pause in tonic firing that is the critical feature of such learning. Hence, the intracellular data are suggestive that it is the precise timing of acti ...
... TANs perform a central role in motor learning within the neostriatum (Graybiel et al., 1994; Aosaki et al., 1995) and further suggest that it is the pause in tonic firing that is the critical feature of such learning. Hence, the intracellular data are suggestive that it is the precise timing of acti ...
Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration
... knockdown in dendritic spines (Jaworski et al. 2009). However, the molecular mechanism linking dynamic microtubules to F-actin stability remains unknown. Microtubules and actin do not bind directly to each other, rather they interact through proteins that mediate interactions between the cytoskeleta ...
... knockdown in dendritic spines (Jaworski et al. 2009). However, the molecular mechanism linking dynamic microtubules to F-actin stability remains unknown. Microtubules and actin do not bind directly to each other, rather they interact through proteins that mediate interactions between the cytoskeleta ...
Neural computations associated with goal
... However, health information had a greater influence on the OFC value signals (and choices) when a region of left DLPFC was activated. A functional connectivity analysis suggested that DLPFC might modulate ...
... However, health information had a greater influence on the OFC value signals (and choices) when a region of left DLPFC was activated. A functional connectivity analysis suggested that DLPFC might modulate ...
Cortical representations of olfactory input by trans
... labelling method described here should be widely applicable to mapping connections throughout the mouse nervous system. ...
... labelling method described here should be widely applicable to mapping connections throughout the mouse nervous system. ...
download file
... screws had attached leads to serve as a reference wire and a grounding wire. A craniotomy and durotomy were performed to expose the cortex in the region of primary auditory cortex. The microwire array was then inserted to a depth of 550–600 µm (layer IV/V) in primary auditory cortex using a custom b ...
... screws had attached leads to serve as a reference wire and a grounding wire. A craniotomy and durotomy were performed to expose the cortex in the region of primary auditory cortex. The microwire array was then inserted to a depth of 550–600 µm (layer IV/V) in primary auditory cortex using a custom b ...
Nervous System - Neuron and Nerve Impulse PowerPoint
... – At the leading edge of an impulse, gated sodium channels open, allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow into the cell. The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. – This reversal of charges, from more negatively charged to mor ...
... – At the leading edge of an impulse, gated sodium channels open, allowing positively charged Na+ ions to flow into the cell. The inside of the membrane temporarily becomes more positive than the outside, reversing the resting potential. – This reversal of charges, from more negatively charged to mor ...
The dynamic spatio-temporal behavior of visual responses in
... intrinsic temporal structure of the firing pattern, together with the mean firing rate, is required to describe the behavior of such cells more accurately [11]. Thus, receptive fields have not only a spatial but also a temporal substructure. In addition, processes were observed, some of which will b ...
... intrinsic temporal structure of the firing pattern, together with the mean firing rate, is required to describe the behavior of such cells more accurately [11]. Thus, receptive fields have not only a spatial but also a temporal substructure. In addition, processes were observed, some of which will b ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability of having persistent Up states, which was significant for both the MECIII (r = 0.45, P ...
... from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability of having persistent Up states, which was significant for both the MECIII (r = 0.45, P ...
Topographic cues of nanoscale height direct neuronal growth pattern
... 2007). Since the structures were of micron size, a similar scale as the axons, initially, nano-sized features were not expected to modify cell behavior. However, current studies have shown that neurons can interact closely with features of few hundreds of nanometers. Vertical nanopillars protruding ...
... 2007). Since the structures were of micron size, a similar scale as the axons, initially, nano-sized features were not expected to modify cell behavior. However, current studies have shown that neurons can interact closely with features of few hundreds of nanometers. Vertical nanopillars protruding ...
Phase synchronization of bursting neurons in clustered small
... subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is connected to its nearest and next-tonearest neighbors. Then we randomly add new connections among neurons in the lattice with a given intracluster probability pi [17 ...
... subnetwork is a SW network obtained from a regular onedimensional lattice of neurons with periodic boundary conditions. Each neuron is connected to its nearest and next-tonearest neighbors. Then we randomly add new connections among neurons in the lattice with a given intracluster probability pi [17 ...
Knockdown of the Dyslexia-Associated Gene
... being compared between activity evoked by speech sound X versus speech sound Y. For vowel sounds, the classifier counted the number of action potentials over a single 400 ms bin and compared the singletrial response with the 2 PSTH templates (Ranasinghe, Vrana, et al. 2012). We used t-tests for all p ...
... being compared between activity evoked by speech sound X versus speech sound Y. For vowel sounds, the classifier counted the number of action potentials over a single 400 ms bin and compared the singletrial response with the 2 PSTH templates (Ranasinghe, Vrana, et al. 2012). We used t-tests for all p ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... representation of the finer aspects of the detailed properties utilize temporal neuronal spiking patterns. In another approach, neuronal firing models were proposed to show how the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the visual cortical areas V1, V2 and V4 utilize visual information to produce 3-D ...
... representation of the finer aspects of the detailed properties utilize temporal neuronal spiking patterns. In another approach, neuronal firing models were proposed to show how the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the visual cortical areas V1, V2 and V4 utilize visual information to produce 3-D ...
Organization of Cortical and Thalamic Input to Pyramidal Neurons in
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
... that are critical for repolarizing the axon. Under these conditions, short laser pulses (1–2 ms) depolarized ChR2-expressing axons in the vicinity of the laser beam and triggered the local release of glutamate. NMDA receptors were blocked (CPP) to sharpen excitatory postsynaptic responses and to pre ...
Role of Slitrk Family Members in
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
Amyloid inhibits retinoic acid synthesis exacerbating Alzheimer
... NEP activity assay was done following previous methods (Tamboli et al., 2010). NEP substrate was N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7amido-4-methylcoumarin (Sigma Aldrich) and NEP inhibitor thiorphan (Sigma Aldrich). For TNFa and Ab42 quantification, a mouse TNFa ELISA Kit (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen) and a hu ...
... NEP activity assay was done following previous methods (Tamboli et al., 2010). NEP substrate was N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Phe-7amido-4-methylcoumarin (Sigma Aldrich) and NEP inhibitor thiorphan (Sigma Aldrich). For TNFa and Ab42 quantification, a mouse TNFa ELISA Kit (Molecular Probes, Invitrogen) and a hu ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... revealed a consistent response change in virtually all magnocellular neurons: weak suppression, followed by strong enhancement. Furthermore, whereas saccadic modulation of parvocellular responses has never been reported, we find that when appropriate colored stimuli are used, saccadic enhancement is ...
... revealed a consistent response change in virtually all magnocellular neurons: weak suppression, followed by strong enhancement. Furthermore, whereas saccadic modulation of parvocellular responses has never been reported, we find that when appropriate colored stimuli are used, saccadic enhancement is ...
Understanding the Gut Brain
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
... network of neurons, neurotransmitters, and special proteins responsible for communications, "thinking," "remembering," and even "learning” ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.