The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... Neuroscience Graduate Group and 2Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, 3Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Semel Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 900 ...
... Neuroscience Graduate Group and 2Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, 3Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, Semel Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 900 ...
32 MaxPlanckResearch 3 | 09 Small but mighty: In mice, around ten
... by the action,” says the researcher. “It all takes place at unimaginable speed.” In subsequent experiments, the rodents were presented with very similar smells and, as a result, the processing time increased to 340 milliseconds – not even half a second. As part of his ongoing research, Schäfer’s tea ...
... by the action,” says the researcher. “It all takes place at unimaginable speed.” In subsequent experiments, the rodents were presented with very similar smells and, as a result, the processing time increased to 340 milliseconds – not even half a second. As part of his ongoing research, Schäfer’s tea ...
What Causes Eye Pain? | SpringerLink
... following injury or infection, diffuse to polymodal nociceptor nerve terminals where they interact with specific membrane receptor proteins (ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, cytokine receptors) [34]. The inflammatory agents open membrane ion channels, either acting directly on ...
... following injury or infection, diffuse to polymodal nociceptor nerve terminals where they interact with specific membrane receptor proteins (ligand-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, cytokine receptors) [34]. The inflammatory agents open membrane ion channels, either acting directly on ...
A Neural Circuit Basis for Spatial Working Memory
... only a restricted area of visual space, typically in the contralateral hemisphere, an effect known as a “mnemonic scotoma” (Funahashi, Bruce, and others 1993). Similarly, chemical inactivation of prefrontal sites produces the inability of monkeys to correctly recall targets appearing at certain spat ...
... only a restricted area of visual space, typically in the contralateral hemisphere, an effect known as a “mnemonic scotoma” (Funahashi, Bruce, and others 1993). Similarly, chemical inactivation of prefrontal sites produces the inability of monkeys to correctly recall targets appearing at certain spat ...
ART 2015 AdvAnced ReTinAl TheRApy
... Angiographic OCT in retinal diagnosis is a brilliant example of improving practicality for patients and knowledge for doctors. The modality has therefore rapidly gained acceptance in the clinics. It is now the responsibility of ophthalmologists to extract as much diagnostic features as possible, but ...
... Angiographic OCT in retinal diagnosis is a brilliant example of improving practicality for patients and knowledge for doctors. The modality has therefore rapidly gained acceptance in the clinics. It is now the responsibility of ophthalmologists to extract as much diagnostic features as possible, but ...
BAOJ Neurology
... process, thereby understanding how malfunctioning of any of these molecules might result in a later-life mood disorder. In the course of our study, we have been able to decipher the different isoforms of Phospho Kinase C (PKC), involved in the 5-HT1A- receptor mediated signaling during the two cruci ...
... process, thereby understanding how malfunctioning of any of these molecules might result in a later-life mood disorder. In the course of our study, we have been able to decipher the different isoforms of Phospho Kinase C (PKC), involved in the 5-HT1A- receptor mediated signaling during the two cruci ...
Canonical computations of cerebral cortex
... L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other than feedback to thalamus, and also projects to L6; L6 projects up to layers 2 through 4, completing a loop through the ...
... L4 projects strongly to layers 2/3 (L2/3); L2/3 provides feedforward input to L4 of ‘higher’ cortical areas, and also projects to L5; L5 provides the only output from cortex other than feedback to thalamus, and also projects to L6; L6 projects up to layers 2 through 4, completing a loop through the ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... istinct classes of inhibitory interneurons form cell-typespecific connections among themselves and with pyramidal neurons in the cortex1,2. Interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) specifically target the perisomatic area of pyramidal neurons. Interneurons expressing somatostatin (SOM) specifically tar ...
... istinct classes of inhibitory interneurons form cell-typespecific connections among themselves and with pyramidal neurons in the cortex1,2. Interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV) specifically target the perisomatic area of pyramidal neurons. Interneurons expressing somatostatin (SOM) specifically tar ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... One of the hypothesized functions of animal MNs is to aid understanding the intention of an observed motor action, as already hypothesized by Di Pellegrino et al. (1992). They found the firing of MNs did not depend on a specific object involved in the motor action or on a specific motor gesture, but ...
... One of the hypothesized functions of animal MNs is to aid understanding the intention of an observed motor action, as already hypothesized by Di Pellegrino et al. (1992). They found the firing of MNs did not depend on a specific object involved in the motor action or on a specific motor gesture, but ...
The Nervous System
... Electrical energy is stored across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron. There are more negatively charged compounds just inside the membrane than outside of it. As a result, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside. The charge difference creates a form of stored energ ...
... Electrical energy is stored across the plasma membrane of a resting neuron. There are more negatively charged compounds just inside the membrane than outside of it. As a result, the inside of the cell is negatively charged relative to the outside. The charge difference creates a form of stored energ ...
Evolutionary Convergence in Nervous Systems: Insights from
... 1990] and mammals [Lowe, 1981] as well as among frogs. It is interesting that the embryonic source of hypoglossal afferents differs among anuran lineages [Nishikawa, 1999]. In toads (family Bufonidae), hypoglossal afferents are re-routed glossopharyngeal afferents that ascend to higher brain centers ...
... 1990] and mammals [Lowe, 1981] as well as among frogs. It is interesting that the embryonic source of hypoglossal afferents differs among anuran lineages [Nishikawa, 1999]. In toads (family Bufonidae), hypoglossal afferents are re-routed glossopharyngeal afferents that ascend to higher brain centers ...
Frequency-Dependent Recruitment of Fast Amino Acid and Slow
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
... variable latency and could sometimes evoke a single action potential in the recorded cell (Fig. 2 A). A second response observed in 37 (29%) of the GnRH neurons was attributable to the direct activation of their cell body or dendrite by the stimulating electrode. In this case, a very large current ( ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... Clark found that the nerve cell-bodies form an almost uniform mantle over the top and sides of the neuropile of most species, particularly the smaller ones, and the ganglionic nuclei are not very distinct. Nevertheless, he was able to discern twenty-five paired nuclei. ...
... Clark found that the nerve cell-bodies form an almost uniform mantle over the top and sides of the neuropile of most species, particularly the smaller ones, and the ganglionic nuclei are not very distinct. Nevertheless, he was able to discern twenty-five paired nuclei. ...
Midbrain fMRI: Applications, Limitations and Challenges
... In recent years, the development of MRI protocols suitable to visualize differ ent mesencephalic nuclei was mainly driven by the goal to characterize structural changes in neurodegenerative pathology, such as Parkinson’s disease, or to localize targets for stereotactic neurosurgery. More recently, ...
... In recent years, the development of MRI protocols suitable to visualize differ ent mesencephalic nuclei was mainly driven by the goal to characterize structural changes in neurodegenerative pathology, such as Parkinson’s disease, or to localize targets for stereotactic neurosurgery. More recently, ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
... physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also have an essential role in intracellular leptin responses in hypothalamic neurons. We therefore measured neuronal activation by immunohistochemistry on brain sections from leptin-injected mice and found a reduced number of arcuate ...
... physiological leptin resistance, we hypothesized that Magel2 may also have an essential role in intracellular leptin responses in hypothalamic neurons. We therefore measured neuronal activation by immunohistochemistry on brain sections from leptin-injected mice and found a reduced number of arcuate ...
Encoding of Action History in the Rat Ventral Striatum
... rewards expected from their alternative actions continually to make optimal choices for its survival. Because the reward resulting from a given action can be substantially delayed, the process of linking a reward to its causative action would be facilitated by memory signals related to the animal’s ...
... rewards expected from their alternative actions continually to make optimal choices for its survival. Because the reward resulting from a given action can be substantially delayed, the process of linking a reward to its causative action would be facilitated by memory signals related to the animal’s ...
technical note
... phenotypic changes, and reporter assays. Previously, these applications were achieved using RNA interference (RNAi). For example, Sethi, et al., (2012) used an shRNA library directed against 6,000 “druggable” genes to identify potential targets in ovarian cancer cells. Cooper and Brockdorff (2013) u ...
... phenotypic changes, and reporter assays. Previously, these applications were achieved using RNA interference (RNAi). For example, Sethi, et al., (2012) used an shRNA library directed against 6,000 “druggable” genes to identify potential targets in ovarian cancer cells. Cooper and Brockdorff (2013) u ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... This review yields numerous conclusions. (1) Both unit recording and behavioral studies find that current activates neurons (i.e., cell bodies and axons) directly according to the square of the distance between the electrode and the neuron, and that the excitability of neurons can vary between 100 a ...
... This review yields numerous conclusions. (1) Both unit recording and behavioral studies find that current activates neurons (i.e., cell bodies and axons) directly according to the square of the distance between the electrode and the neuron, and that the excitability of neurons can vary between 100 a ...
the spinal cord and the influence of its damage on
... In the healthy spinal cord, many axons secrete minute amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate at their synapses. When this chemical binds to its receptors on target neurons, it stimulates those cells to fire impulses. But when spinal neurons, axons, or astrocytes are injured, they release a flood ...
... In the healthy spinal cord, many axons secrete minute amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate at their synapses. When this chemical binds to its receptors on target neurons, it stimulates those cells to fire impulses. But when spinal neurons, axons, or astrocytes are injured, they release a flood ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.