BMC Neuroscience
... The second analysis addressed this question by considering the relationship of the structural type of pairs of connected cortices. This analysis was motivated by our previous findings that cortical type is highly correlated with the laminar pattern of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [15]. St ...
... The second analysis addressed this question by considering the relationship of the structural type of pairs of connected cortices. This analysis was motivated by our previous findings that cortical type is highly correlated with the laminar pattern of ipsilateral corticocortical connections [15]. St ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... i.e., the medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSN) appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caud ...
... i.e., the medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSN) appear to have a much less clearly ordered geometry than the cortical pyramidal neurons. However, Walker et al. (1993) described a preferred orientation of the dendritic arbors of MSN in the primate striatum along a rostral– dorsal–medial to caud ...
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
the spatial control of ganglionic neurite growth by the substrate
... culture substrate (Collins, 1978b). This substrate-bound material produced by embryonic heart cells is sufficient to support axon outgrowth in the absence of any other components of conditioned medium (Collins 1978b,l980). Based on its mode of action we have termed this material a substrate-conditio ...
... culture substrate (Collins, 1978b). This substrate-bound material produced by embryonic heart cells is sufficient to support axon outgrowth in the absence of any other components of conditioned medium (Collins 1978b,l980). Based on its mode of action we have termed this material a substrate-conditio ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... described these cells as large multipolar neurons with uncertain projections. No one suspected that they contained the same chemical substance distributed throughout the body. For many years, investigators had known of a blood-borne chemical that produced vasoconstriction (a “serum” factor that affe ...
... described these cells as large multipolar neurons with uncertain projections. No one suspected that they contained the same chemical substance distributed throughout the body. For many years, investigators had known of a blood-borne chemical that produced vasoconstriction (a “serum” factor that affe ...
MOTION DETECTION MECHANISMS
... The physical phenomenon ‘motion’ can easily be defined as an object’s change in position over time. An animal that can detect moving predators, prey, and mates, has a clear survival advantage and this evolutionary pressure has presumably led to the development of neural mechanisms sensitive to motio ...
... The physical phenomenon ‘motion’ can easily be defined as an object’s change in position over time. An animal that can detect moving predators, prey, and mates, has a clear survival advantage and this evolutionary pressure has presumably led to the development of neural mechanisms sensitive to motio ...
Mechanisms of developmental neurite pruning
... good imaging systems that allow time-lapse imaging. Indeed, one of the reasons that da dendritic remodeling is better understood is the ability to perform live imaging due to the superficial location of the dendrites on the larval body wall. While transparent model organisms such as zebrafish have b ...
... good imaging systems that allow time-lapse imaging. Indeed, one of the reasons that da dendritic remodeling is better understood is the ability to perform live imaging due to the superficial location of the dendrites on the larval body wall. While transparent model organisms such as zebrafish have b ...
MS Word DOC - AvianBrain.org
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
... major histogenetic divisions: the pallium and the subpallium. The existence of these two divisions is based on developmental, molecular, and connectivity data explained below. If we consider the telencephalon isolated from the rest of the brain, the pallium is located at the top of the telencephalic ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... cells; it was interpreted to mean that there is substantial orientation tuning of the collective thalamic input to a cortical neuron, consistent with the HW feedforward model. In spite of all this evidence, there is general agreement that the HW model predicts rather weak orientation selectivity, an ...
... cells; it was interpreted to mean that there is substantial orientation tuning of the collective thalamic input to a cortical neuron, consistent with the HW feedforward model. In spite of all this evidence, there is general agreement that the HW model predicts rather weak orientation selectivity, an ...
The Structure of Pairwise Correlation in Mouse Primary Visual
... All procedures were done within the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and were approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult C57/B6 mice (8– 24 weeks) were initially sedated with a mixture of xylazine (10 mg/kg) and fentanyl (10 µg/kg); a ...
... All procedures were done within the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health and were approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult C57/B6 mice (8– 24 weeks) were initially sedated with a mixture of xylazine (10 mg/kg) and fentanyl (10 µg/kg); a ...
Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... activity in the inferotemporal cerebral cortex (IT)1,2, but most studies of IT neuronal responses have been done under restricted viewing and task conditions. Typically, non-human primates stare at a fixation point while isolated stimuli are flashed on the retina, often in a task that does not requi ...
... activity in the inferotemporal cerebral cortex (IT)1,2, but most studies of IT neuronal responses have been done under restricted viewing and task conditions. Typically, non-human primates stare at a fixation point while isolated stimuli are flashed on the retina, often in a task that does not requi ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
... The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) is probably one of the best studied nuclei in the mammalian brain. The system is studied so well because the synapses found in this nucleus, the so-called calyces of Held, are extraordinarily big compared to almost all other synapses. Therefore, they a ...
What is the function of the claustrum? - Christof Koch
... largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. The axon of these cells does not leave the claust ...
... largely smooth dendrites (figure 4b,c). There appear to be two types of aspiny neurons, one with ‘large’ and the other with ‘small’ cell bodies. The latter are fairly compact cells, whereas the dendrite and axons of the large type are more extensive. The axon of these cells does not leave the claust ...
Dr. Abeer Mahmoud - PNU-CS-AI
... The human brain contains about 10 billion nerve cells (neurons). Each neuron is connected to the others through 10000 synapses. Properties of the brain: It can learn, reorganize itself from experience. It adapts to the environment. ...
... The human brain contains about 10 billion nerve cells (neurons). Each neuron is connected to the others through 10000 synapses. Properties of the brain: It can learn, reorganize itself from experience. It adapts to the environment. ...
Effects of Early Monocular Deprivation on Visual
... the deprived eye. Because we were interested in differences between SC inputs from the deprived and nondeprived eyes, we concentrated on units with monocular receptive fields in this section of the experiment (with our methods we were unable to determine the contribution of each eye to binocular SC ...
... the deprived eye. Because we were interested in differences between SC inputs from the deprived and nondeprived eyes, we concentrated on units with monocular receptive fields in this section of the experiment (with our methods we were unable to determine the contribution of each eye to binocular SC ...
Pathfinding by cranial nerve VII (facial) motorneurons
... molecules that are fixed in place, or they could exist as diffusible molecules. In order to function as a guidance cue, immobilized molecules would be expected to be distributed in a restricted spatial pattern, and diffusible molecules in a gradient. Evidence that both these types of guidance cues m ...
... molecules that are fixed in place, or they could exist as diffusible molecules. In order to function as a guidance cue, immobilized molecules would be expected to be distributed in a restricted spatial pattern, and diffusible molecules in a gradient. Evidence that both these types of guidance cues m ...
Comparison of population coherence of place cells in hippocampal
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
... in accordance with NIH guidelines on the use of experimental animals and were approved by the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Twelve tetrodes were lowered to CA3, and 6 tetrodes were lowered to CA1. We specifically targeted the middle ...
18-1 PITUITARY GLAND AND HYPOTHALAMUS 1. The pituitary
... 1. The pituitary gland secretes nine major hormones that regulate many body functions. 2. The pituitary gland was once considered the "master" gland because hormones released from the pituitary control other endocrine glands and many body functions. It is now known that the regulation of release of ...
... 1. The pituitary gland secretes nine major hormones that regulate many body functions. 2. The pituitary gland was once considered the "master" gland because hormones released from the pituitary control other endocrine glands and many body functions. It is now known that the regulation of release of ...
Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex
... main function of the central executive in their working memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the ...
... main function of the central executive in their working memory model. Since it would be difficult for a defective central executive to oversee the simultaneous and coordinated operation of two slave systems (the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop) in their model, they proposed that the ...
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... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
... 6. In a neuron, the axon _______________________, and the dendrite ___________________________. a. synthesizes neurotransmitters; receives signals from other neurons b. conducts information to other neurons; generates action potentials c. generates action potentials; receives signals from other neur ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... the bar. One target character and one distractor character were presented either on the bar or on the ellipse. Spread of attention was measured as the amount of interfering effect of the distractor on the discrimination of the target character. They found that the interference between two characters ...
... the bar. One target character and one distractor character were presented either on the bar or on the ellipse. Spread of attention was measured as the amount of interfering effect of the distractor on the discrimination of the target character. They found that the interference between two characters ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
... or higher cell density (Barbas 1986; Barbas and RempelClower 1997; Rempel-Clower and Barbas 2000), such as the connection from D′ to G′ (Fig. 3). In the reverse direction, projection neurons originate mostly from the upper layers (II–III) of areas with more layers, or higher cell density, and their ...
... or higher cell density (Barbas 1986; Barbas and RempelClower 1997; Rempel-Clower and Barbas 2000), such as the connection from D′ to G′ (Fig. 3). In the reverse direction, projection neurons originate mostly from the upper layers (II–III) of areas with more layers, or higher cell density, and their ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.