NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... Because the tracer was expressed only in non-peptidergic C-fibres and was able to transmit across synapses, Braz and colleagues (2005) were able to determine the transmission pathway of this subset of pain fibres to the cortex. Accordingly, non-peptidergic C-fibres were found to project to the amygd ...
... Because the tracer was expressed only in non-peptidergic C-fibres and was able to transmit across synapses, Braz and colleagues (2005) were able to determine the transmission pathway of this subset of pain fibres to the cortex. Accordingly, non-peptidergic C-fibres were found to project to the amygd ...
Placing prediction into the fear circuit
... Box 2. Roles for dopamine in prediction error and fear learning Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons code for reward prediction errors. The firing of these neurons conforms to assumptions of associative learning models [18,19] and their output is thought to serve as a teaching signal instructing plasticit ...
... Box 2. Roles for dopamine in prediction error and fear learning Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons code for reward prediction errors. The firing of these neurons conforms to assumptions of associative learning models [18,19] and their output is thought to serve as a teaching signal instructing plasticit ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... a stainless steel cylinder was implanted using dental acrylic. Prophylactic antibiotics were injected i.m. on the day of surgery and daily thereafter for 1 week. The recording and control system consisted of an infrared eye-movement camera (R-21C-A, RMS, Hirosaki, Japan), two networked personal comp ...
... a stainless steel cylinder was implanted using dental acrylic. Prophylactic antibiotics were injected i.m. on the day of surgery and daily thereafter for 1 week. The recording and control system consisted of an infrared eye-movement camera (R-21C-A, RMS, Hirosaki, Japan), two networked personal comp ...
Region-specific requirement for cholesterol
... Previous efforts to understand the role of cholesterol modification concluded that the cholesterol moiety is required for long-range spreading and signaling in the mouse limb buds (Lewis et al., 2001). Accordingly, it has been proposed that cholesterol modification is required for the formation of S ...
... Previous efforts to understand the role of cholesterol modification concluded that the cholesterol moiety is required for long-range spreading and signaling in the mouse limb buds (Lewis et al., 2001). Accordingly, it has been proposed that cholesterol modification is required for the formation of S ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... the ROD statlstlc, but not with the other statistics. We concluded that the ROD was the most sensitive and robust of the normalized statistics so far suggested, and we used it in our subsequent analyses. Selection and delineation of structures to be analyzed. We first examined the autoradiographs fr ...
... the ROD statlstlc, but not with the other statistics. We concluded that the ROD was the most sensitive and robust of the normalized statistics so far suggested, and we used it in our subsequent analyses. Selection and delineation of structures to be analyzed. We first examined the autoradiographs fr ...
F-Spondin Is Required for Accurate Pathfinding of Commissural
... floor plate, whereas neutralizing antibody (Ab) injections caused lateral turning at the contralateral floor plate boundary. These combined in vitro and in vivo results suggest that F-spondin is required to prevent the lateral drifting of the commissural axons after having crossed the floor plate. I ...
... floor plate, whereas neutralizing antibody (Ab) injections caused lateral turning at the contralateral floor plate boundary. These combined in vitro and in vivo results suggest that F-spondin is required to prevent the lateral drifting of the commissural axons after having crossed the floor plate. I ...
Primate Frontal Eye Fields. II. Physiological and Anatomical
... tasks: 1) In the no-saccade(or fixation) task the monkeysgazedat a stationary spotof light and did not make eyemovementswhen a secondspot was flashedon the screen.This task wasusedto study the visual propertiesof neurons.It wasalsousedto test microstimulationduring visual fixation by delivering curr ...
... tasks: 1) In the no-saccade(or fixation) task the monkeysgazedat a stationary spotof light and did not make eyemovementswhen a secondspot was flashedon the screen.This task wasusedto study the visual propertiesof neurons.It wasalsousedto test microstimulationduring visual fixation by delivering curr ...
in systems and translational endocrinology
... Elevated estradiol is mandatory for a GnRH surge to occur. It is not, however, sufficient. More than 50 years ago, it was shown that the preovulatory GnRH surge is controlled by two types of input to GnRH neurons and their surrounding interneurons: hormonal feedback from maturing ovarian follicles a ...
... Elevated estradiol is mandatory for a GnRH surge to occur. It is not, however, sufficient. More than 50 years ago, it was shown that the preovulatory GnRH surge is controlled by two types of input to GnRH neurons and their surrounding interneurons: hormonal feedback from maturing ovarian follicles a ...
Humor an Antidote for Stress
... response level was lower on days of negative mood and higher on days with positive mood. (22) This finding was quickly confirmed by two other researchers. Dillon, working at Western New England College; found subjects showed an increased concentration of salivary IgA after viewing a humorous video ( ...
... response level was lower on days of negative mood and higher on days with positive mood. (22) This finding was quickly confirmed by two other researchers. Dillon, working at Western New England College; found subjects showed an increased concentration of salivary IgA after viewing a humorous video ( ...
The cortical connections of area V6: an occipito
... WGA-HRP), each animal was anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg i.m.) followed by a lethal injection of sodium thiopental i.v. The animals were perfused through the left cardiac ventricle with the following solutions: 0.9% sodium chloride; 3.5% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffe ...
... WGA-HRP), each animal was anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg i.m.) followed by a lethal injection of sodium thiopental i.v. The animals were perfused through the left cardiac ventricle with the following solutions: 0.9% sodium chloride; 3.5% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffe ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interactions between tactile inputs and motor networks are mediated ...
... evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interactions between tactile inputs and motor networks are mediated ...
PDF
... labeled with neuronal marker PHA-L, in the granule cell domain (GCD) lamina situated between the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei. This particular mossy fiber is relatively large, and when examined with the electron microscope (bottom), was found to have features typical of cerebellar mossy fibers ...
... labeled with neuronal marker PHA-L, in the granule cell domain (GCD) lamina situated between the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei. This particular mossy fiber is relatively large, and when examined with the electron microscope (bottom), was found to have features typical of cerebellar mossy fibers ...
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker
... identified as landmarks by their characteristic burst-tonic properties during eye movements (Fuchs and Luschei 1970). Single units in the parabrachial nucleus were identified initially in the dimly illuminated booth using a search stimulus of 0.7-Hz oscillation in the pitch plane (⫾12 or 53°/s peak ...
... identified as landmarks by their characteristic burst-tonic properties during eye movements (Fuchs and Luschei 1970). Single units in the parabrachial nucleus were identified initially in the dimly illuminated booth using a search stimulus of 0.7-Hz oscillation in the pitch plane (⫾12 or 53°/s peak ...
Enriched Expression of GluD1 in Higher Brain Regions and Its
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
... Of the two members of the ␦ subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors, GluD2 is exclusively expressed at parallel fiber–Purkinje cell (PF–PC) synapses in the cerebellum and regulates their structural and functional connectivity. However, little is known to date regarding cellular and synaptic expr ...
RONN: the bio-basis function neural network technique applied to
... to amplify the experimental signal. At best, disordered regions are invisible to these techniques, at worst they can disrupt the whole experiment by affecting solubility and/or crystallizability (Oldfield et al., 2005). One of the most direct ways of identifying disordered regions experimentally is ...
... to amplify the experimental signal. At best, disordered regions are invisible to these techniques, at worst they can disrupt the whole experiment by affecting solubility and/or crystallizability (Oldfield et al., 2005). One of the most direct ways of identifying disordered regions experimentally is ...
Supplementary Information (doc 88K)
... toxin (10 g) by intragastric gavage. Mice were euthanized 10 or 16 hours later and intestinal fluid accumulation was evaluated by measuring the weight of intestine. The results are expressed as mean percentage of intestine weight over whole mouse body weight. (*,p < 0.05 compared to control C57BL/6 ...
... toxin (10 g) by intragastric gavage. Mice were euthanized 10 or 16 hours later and intestinal fluid accumulation was evaluated by measuring the weight of intestine. The results are expressed as mean percentage of intestine weight over whole mouse body weight. (*,p < 0.05 compared to control C57BL/6 ...
Bissonette Gregory B, Gentry Ronny N, Padmala Srikanth, Pessoa L
... in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independently. We first review the non-human animal literature and then review studies performed in humans. We know from a vast literature ...
... in a number of key brain areas, all of which have been shown to exhibit neural activity modulated by expectation of appetitive and aversive stimuli when studied independently. We first review the non-human animal literature and then review studies performed in humans. We know from a vast literature ...
Examination of Rhythmicity of Extracellularly Recorded Neurons in the Entorhinal Cortex
... ABSTRACT: A number of studies have examined the theta-rhythmic modulation of neuronal firing in the hippocampal circuit. For extracellular recordings, this is often done by examining spectral properties of the spike-time autocorrelogram, most significantly, for validating the presence or absence of ...
... ABSTRACT: A number of studies have examined the theta-rhythmic modulation of neuronal firing in the hippocampal circuit. For extracellular recordings, this is often done by examining spectral properties of the spike-time autocorrelogram, most significantly, for validating the presence or absence of ...
Channelrhodopsin
Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes. Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins. Variants have been cloned from other algal species, and more are expected.