Succinyl-CoA Synthetase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit
... and is a heterodimer composed of one α and one β subunit. In humans, Succinyl-CoA Synthetase deficiency causes the build-up of lactic acid leading to lactic acidosis, which can be fatal in infants. Measurement and analysis of SCS activity is useful for both mechanistic studies as well as for diagnos ...
... and is a heterodimer composed of one α and one β subunit. In humans, Succinyl-CoA Synthetase deficiency causes the build-up of lactic acid leading to lactic acidosis, which can be fatal in infants. Measurement and analysis of SCS activity is useful for both mechanistic studies as well as for diagnos ...
A new simple fluorimetric method to assay cytosolic ATP content
... performance than the classical trichloroacetic acid extraction. Using the new method, CEF-ATP content was assessed in control, salt- and osmotic-stressed seedlings, resulting 2.68 ± 0.04, 1.69 ± 0.12 (−40%) and 1.35 ± 0.16 (−50%) µmol/g dry weight, respectively. Finally, the effects of this stress-de ...
... performance than the classical trichloroacetic acid extraction. Using the new method, CEF-ATP content was assessed in control, salt- and osmotic-stressed seedlings, resulting 2.68 ± 0.04, 1.69 ± 0.12 (−40%) and 1.35 ± 0.16 (−50%) µmol/g dry weight, respectively. Finally, the effects of this stress-de ...
The effect of short chain fatty acids on glucose homeostasis
... to ruminate (Veissier et al., 1997). Rumen papillae growth is increased as a response to short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from roughages by rumen microbes (Flatt et al., 1958). The physical structure of roughages stimulates rumen motility (McDonald et al., 2002). Besides these positive effec ...
... to ruminate (Veissier et al., 1997). Rumen papillae growth is increased as a response to short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production from roughages by rumen microbes (Flatt et al., 1958). The physical structure of roughages stimulates rumen motility (McDonald et al., 2002). Besides these positive effec ...
The Lactic Acid Response to Alkalosis in Panic Disorder
... Most lactate is cleared by reconversion to pyruvate followed by decarboxylation to acetyl coenzyme A and oxidative phosphorylation.28 This process consumes both lactate anions and HⳭ ions. All tissues that produce lactate also clear it by this pathway, except red blood cells (which lack mitochondria ...
... Most lactate is cleared by reconversion to pyruvate followed by decarboxylation to acetyl coenzyme A and oxidative phosphorylation.28 This process consumes both lactate anions and HⳭ ions. All tissues that produce lactate also clear it by this pathway, except red blood cells (which lack mitochondria ...
Lactate distribution in culture medium of human myometrial biopsies
... isoforms. These transporters or carriers allow lactate to move (in symport with a proton) from a high to low concentration (3, 4, 5, 14), in our case either from uterine smooth muscle to amniotic fluid (which means passage across two layers of placental membranes, the chorion and amnion), or from ci ...
... isoforms. These transporters or carriers allow lactate to move (in symport with a proton) from a high to low concentration (3, 4, 5, 14), in our case either from uterine smooth muscle to amniotic fluid (which means passage across two layers of placental membranes, the chorion and amnion), or from ci ...
Pentose phosphates in nucleoside interconversion and catabolism
... guanase, respectively, the equilibrium of the PNP reaction is shifted towards Rib-1-P accumulation (Fig. 2). Another important factor is the absence in mammals of any kinase acting on inosine and guanosine [15–17], which further favours the channelling of purine nucleosides towards phosphorolysis. I ...
... guanase, respectively, the equilibrium of the PNP reaction is shifted towards Rib-1-P accumulation (Fig. 2). Another important factor is the absence in mammals of any kinase acting on inosine and guanosine [15–17], which further favours the channelling of purine nucleosides towards phosphorolysis. I ...
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
... rhythm of daytime closure and night-time opening, malate formation via PEPC serves as a water-saving mechanism of CO2 acquisition, since evaporative demand is low when stomata open for CO2 uptake in the night instead of during the day, and hence, water use efficiency (WUE 5 CO2 fixed:H2O transpired) is ...
... rhythm of daytime closure and night-time opening, malate formation via PEPC serves as a water-saving mechanism of CO2 acquisition, since evaporative demand is low when stomata open for CO2 uptake in the night instead of during the day, and hence, water use efficiency (WUE 5 CO2 fixed:H2O transpired) is ...
Crystal structure of potato tuber ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase
... Taken together, these studies indicate that the activator 3-PGA binds at or near the inhibitor-binding site defined in our structure by sulfate 1. Sulfate 2 makes interactions with surrounding residues, R53, R83, H84, Q314, and R316 (Figure 3A). All of these residues are conserved in both subunits of ...
... Taken together, these studies indicate that the activator 3-PGA binds at or near the inhibitor-binding site defined in our structure by sulfate 1. Sulfate 2 makes interactions with surrounding residues, R53, R83, H84, Q314, and R316 (Figure 3A). All of these residues are conserved in both subunits of ...
20 Insulin Secretion and Action
... human islet cultures through three potential pathways: (1) promotion of β-cell proliferation, (2) stimulation of β-cell neogenesis from ductal epithelium, and (3) inhibition of β-cell apoptosis. In rodents, GLP-1 treatment results in an increase in β-cell proliferation. Multiple signaling pathways i ...
... human islet cultures through three potential pathways: (1) promotion of β-cell proliferation, (2) stimulation of β-cell neogenesis from ductal epithelium, and (3) inhibition of β-cell apoptosis. In rodents, GLP-1 treatment results in an increase in β-cell proliferation. Multiple signaling pathways i ...
The Antibiotic Cerulenin, a Novel Tool for Biochemistry as an
... their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry - novel biochemical tools, ...
... their growth. They are also used as food additives to retain freshness for an extended period. The usefulness of antibiotics is not limited only to our daily needs, but also encompasses our research interests: they offer us remarkable experimental devices for biochemistry - novel biochemical tools, ...
The Biosynthesis of N-Phosphorylcreatine: an Investigation of the
... from rat and rabbit skeletal muscle will catalyse the overall reaction described by Cori et al. (1958) under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recomb ...
... from rat and rabbit skeletal muscle will catalyse the overall reaction described by Cori et al. (1958) under conditions similar to those described by these authors. Further fractionation, however, caused a loss of activity and, since this could be recovered in greater than additive amounts by recomb ...
The Industrial Age of Biocatalytic Transamination
... an alanine dehydrogenase was envisioned.[15] This recycles the formed pyruvate back to l-alanine at the expense of ammonia and NADH (see Scheme 1, b, pathway IV). Recycling of the nicotinamide cofactor was achieved by employing ammonium formate (which additionally also serves as a nitrogen source) a ...
... an alanine dehydrogenase was envisioned.[15] This recycles the formed pyruvate back to l-alanine at the expense of ammonia and NADH (see Scheme 1, b, pathway IV). Recycling of the nicotinamide cofactor was achieved by employing ammonium formate (which additionally also serves as a nitrogen source) a ...
Part 2
... 1. Covalent catalysis: A catalytic strategy wherein the active site of an enzyme is lined with a reactive group, usually a powerful nucleophile, that undergoes temporary covalent modification during the course of the reaction. A transient covalent bond between the enzyme and substrate facilitates ca ...
... 1. Covalent catalysis: A catalytic strategy wherein the active site of an enzyme is lined with a reactive group, usually a powerful nucleophile, that undergoes temporary covalent modification during the course of the reaction. A transient covalent bond between the enzyme and substrate facilitates ca ...
Porphyrin Metabolism & Porphyrias
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... • A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions. • Enzymes are highly specific to a type of reaction. • Enzymes must maintain their specific shape in order to function. Any alteration in the primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary forms of the enzyme are ...
... • A catalyst speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions. • Enzymes are highly specific to a type of reaction. • Enzymes must maintain their specific shape in order to function. Any alteration in the primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary forms of the enzyme are ...
- Compartment - Cell membrane - Chemical Reactions
... Specific requirements for energy to be useful in living organisms: Energy must be released from food gradually. Energy must be stored in readily available form. The release of energy from storage must be finely controlled so that it is available when and where it is needed. Just enough energy must b ...
... Specific requirements for energy to be useful in living organisms: Energy must be released from food gradually. Energy must be stored in readily available form. The release of energy from storage must be finely controlled so that it is available when and where it is needed. Just enough energy must b ...
Gas-Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry (GC
... the mixed samples except for two very minor metabolites in E. huxleyi, citrate and O-acetylserine. This suggests that matrix effects did not cause problems with peak annotation in E. huxleyi. Using the same experimental results, we evaluated whether the relative values determined in the simple algal ...
... the mixed samples except for two very minor metabolites in E. huxleyi, citrate and O-acetylserine. This suggests that matrix effects did not cause problems with peak annotation in E. huxleyi. Using the same experimental results, we evaluated whether the relative values determined in the simple algal ...
Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP
... fed states, 24 and 48 h after infection (Fig. 3A). This effect on blood glucose levels was associated with a physiological response of the pancreatic hormones, a decrease in plasma insulin, and an increase in plasma glucagon concentrations (Table 2). The expression of genes encoding proteins involve ...
... fed states, 24 and 48 h after infection (Fig. 3A). This effect on blood glucose levels was associated with a physiological response of the pancreatic hormones, a decrease in plasma insulin, and an increase in plasma glucagon concentrations (Table 2). The expression of genes encoding proteins involve ...
Epidermal Lipids and Formation of the Barrier of the Skin
... fatty acids in a 1:1:1 molar ratio have been used by a number of investigators to approximate stratum corneum lipids for studies of physical properties.41–43 The remaining 11% of the stratum corneum lipid mass consists mainly of cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol esters.44 The cholesterol sulfate h ...
... fatty acids in a 1:1:1 molar ratio have been used by a number of investigators to approximate stratum corneum lipids for studies of physical properties.41–43 The remaining 11% of the stratum corneum lipid mass consists mainly of cholesterol sulfate and cholesterol esters.44 The cholesterol sulfate h ...
regulation of fatty acid synthesis
... 110 OHLROGGE & JAWORSKI Is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Rate-Limiting? ........................................................................ Other Potential Rate-Limiting Steps.................................................................................... ...
... 110 OHLROGGE & JAWORSKI Is Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Rate-Limiting? ........................................................................ Other Potential Rate-Limiting Steps.................................................................................... ...
Adaptation and Specialization in the Evolution of Bacterial
... glucose batch cultures for 26 years and ~58,000 generations of growth. Samples were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average b ...
... glucose batch cultures for 26 years and ~58,000 generations of growth. Samples were frozen periodically, and they can be revived to study the populations at a given time or to rewind and replay evolution (e.g., [3-5]). Fitness of the evolved strains in the adaptive environment increased on average b ...
Biochemical Screening of Pyrimidine
... source of energy has certain disadvantages, Among these are the rigorous standards of cleanliness which must be observed and the instability of the enzyme system. However, the most serious disadvantage lies in the fact that the energy source may be the most sensitive component of the system. Agents ...
... source of energy has certain disadvantages, Among these are the rigorous standards of cleanliness which must be observed and the instability of the enzyme system. However, the most serious disadvantage lies in the fact that the energy source may be the most sensitive component of the system. Agents ...
27. biosynthesis of amino acids
... reductases. Ammonia so formed can be synthesized into amino acids by plants which are then used up by animals as source of amino acids, both essential and nonessential, to built animal proteins. When organisms die, the microbes degrade their body proteins to ammonia in the soil, where nitrifying bac ...
... reductases. Ammonia so formed can be synthesized into amino acids by plants which are then used up by animals as source of amino acids, both essential and nonessential, to built animal proteins. When organisms die, the microbes degrade their body proteins to ammonia in the soil, where nitrifying bac ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑