as a PDF
... Heater cells lack organized contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and are instead packed with mitochondria separated by stacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum and extensive T-tubules. Mitochondria within blue marlin heater cells occupy over 60% of the cell volume (Block, 1990). This tight mitochondrial ...
... Heater cells lack organized contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and are instead packed with mitochondria separated by stacks of sarcoplasmic reticulum and extensive T-tubules. Mitochondria within blue marlin heater cells occupy over 60% of the cell volume (Block, 1990). This tight mitochondrial ...
5 Molecular basis of type-2 diabetes
... During the fasting state these reservoirs are broken down to provide fuels. Energy reservoirs are built up and broken down in response of hormonal messages. In the fed state, coordination of insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells along with the responsiveness to insulin of major glucose meta ...
... During the fasting state these reservoirs are broken down to provide fuels. Energy reservoirs are built up and broken down in response of hormonal messages. In the fed state, coordination of insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta cells along with the responsiveness to insulin of major glucose meta ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
... respiration, in which the energy of oxidation drives the synthesis of ATP. Photophosphorylation is the means by which photosynthetic organisms capture the energy of sunlight—the ultimate source of energy in the biosphere—and harness it to make ATP. Together, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosph ...
... respiration, in which the energy of oxidation drives the synthesis of ATP. Photophosphorylation is the means by which photosynthetic organisms capture the energy of sunlight—the ultimate source of energy in the biosphere—and harness it to make ATP. Together, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosph ...
Algae triglycerides
... Under optimal conditions of growth, algae synthesize fatty acids principally for esterification into glycerol-based membrane lipids, which constitute about 5–20% of their dry cell weight (DCW). Fatty acids include medium-chain (C10– C14), long-chain (C16–18) and very-long-chain (‡C20) species and fa ...
... Under optimal conditions of growth, algae synthesize fatty acids principally for esterification into glycerol-based membrane lipids, which constitute about 5–20% of their dry cell weight (DCW). Fatty acids include medium-chain (C10– C14), long-chain (C16–18) and very-long-chain (‡C20) species and fa ...
Basic Science for Clinicians
... ATP to amino acids on specific target proteins. The phosphorylation of even a single amino acid can induce conformational changes in enzymes, ion channels, and regulatory and structural proteins that alter their function. AMPK was first identified 20 years ago as a protein kinase that was responsive ...
... ATP to amino acids on specific target proteins. The phosphorylation of even a single amino acid can induce conformational changes in enzymes, ion channels, and regulatory and structural proteins that alter their function. AMPK was first identified 20 years ago as a protein kinase that was responsive ...
Fat to the fire: the regulation of lipid oxidation
... genetics, biophysics, exercise physiology, and biomechanics. From these connections, he would synthesize provocative hypotheses that will occupy many of us for years to come. As one of the reviewers of this manuscript wondered: why do many of Peter’s former students now work on lipids—an area in whi ...
... genetics, biophysics, exercise physiology, and biomechanics. From these connections, he would synthesize provocative hypotheses that will occupy many of us for years to come. As one of the reviewers of this manuscript wondered: why do many of Peter’s former students now work on lipids—an area in whi ...
Unit 4– Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
... – only a small volume is available – do not require pre-processing ...
... – only a small volume is available – do not require pre-processing ...
Isoleucine Synthesis by Clostridium sporogenes from
... L-ubelling and fractionation of cells. 14C-Labelled compounds were added to exponentially growing cells (10 ml cultures, ODbo0= 0-3),incubated for 4 h (about one generation) and harvested by centrifugation. Cell pellets were extracted twice at 0 "C with 5 ml 10% (w/v) TCA for 15 min, then for 30 min ...
... L-ubelling and fractionation of cells. 14C-Labelled compounds were added to exponentially growing cells (10 ml cultures, ODbo0= 0-3),incubated for 4 h (about one generation) and harvested by centrifugation. Cell pellets were extracted twice at 0 "C with 5 ml 10% (w/v) TCA for 15 min, then for 30 min ...
Owens et al., 1998, Acidosis in cattle: a review.
... intake as a cause of acidosis. For example, cattle with implants typically have greater feed intakes. Weather changes and processing cattle to provide implants or inoculations often disrupt feeding patterns and may result in overconsumption and acidosis. Proper timing of processing so that cattle ar ...
... intake as a cause of acidosis. For example, cattle with implants typically have greater feed intakes. Weather changes and processing cattle to provide implants or inoculations often disrupt feeding patterns and may result in overconsumption and acidosis. Proper timing of processing so that cattle ar ...
PDF - School of Chemical Sciences
... formate dehydrogenases (FDH) from Pseudomonas sp.101 [17] and Candida boidinii [18,19], the latter of which is used in the industrial production of l-tert-leucine [19]. Regenerative methods exist for NADPH as well, including the use of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and the use of a mutant FDH from Pse ...
... formate dehydrogenases (FDH) from Pseudomonas sp.101 [17] and Candida boidinii [18,19], the latter of which is used in the industrial production of l-tert-leucine [19]. Regenerative methods exist for NADPH as well, including the use of glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) and the use of a mutant FDH from Pse ...
Module 3
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
![[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d1011-1027, September 15, 1998] 1011](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003528510_1-eb3925336d280ea79dc79833bf1c335c-300x300.png)
[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d1011-1027, September 15, 1998] 1011
... mechanism (50). This is an area that requires further study. Future studies of the mechanisms involved in the sparing of carbohydrate by FFA will have to be designed to take into account the finding that increased FFA oxidation spares not only blood glucose (liver glycogen), but also muscle glycogen ...
... mechanism (50). This is an area that requires further study. Future studies of the mechanisms involved in the sparing of carbohydrate by FFA will have to be designed to take into account the finding that increased FFA oxidation spares not only blood glucose (liver glycogen), but also muscle glycogen ...
Autocatalytic sets in E. coli metabolism
... with common properties and common biosynthetic pathways, such as menaquinone/ubiquinone, NAD/NADP, or flavins, are grouped together into a “pool” of equivalent catalysts (see Table 1); vi) Bi-directional reactions are split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed b ...
... with common properties and common biosynthetic pathways, such as menaquinone/ubiquinone, NAD/NADP, or flavins, are grouped together into a “pool” of equivalent catalysts (see Table 1); vi) Bi-directional reactions are split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed b ...
and Schizosaccharomyces pombe
... and Subden 1986a). Other yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can import L-malate and other dicarboxylic acids only via simple diusion (Salmon 1987) and is therefore unable to eectively degrade or utilise extracellular L-malate. In Sch. pombe, the dissociated form of L-malate is actively transp ...
... and Subden 1986a). Other yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae can import L-malate and other dicarboxylic acids only via simple diusion (Salmon 1987) and is therefore unable to eectively degrade or utilise extracellular L-malate. In Sch. pombe, the dissociated form of L-malate is actively transp ...
Autocatalytic sets in E. coli metabolism
... with common properties and common biosynthetic pathways, such as menaquinone/ubiquinone, NAD/NADP, or flavins, are grouped together into a “pool” of equivalent catalysts (see Table 1); vi) Bi-directional reactions are split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed b ...
... with common properties and common biosynthetic pathways, such as menaquinone/ubiquinone, NAD/NADP, or flavins, are grouped together into a “pool” of equivalent catalysts (see Table 1); vi) Bi-directional reactions are split up into two separate reactions, one forward and one reverse, but catalyzed b ...
In vivo analysis of straight-chain and branched
... with the catabolism of leucine to 3-methylbutyrylCoA, which is utilized as a starter unit for the biosynthesis of odd-numbered fatty acids containing a branch at the o-1 carbon (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 3, addition of perdeuterated valine (200-250 mM) resulted in efficient isotopic labeling of the ...
... with the catabolism of leucine to 3-methylbutyrylCoA, which is utilized as a starter unit for the biosynthesis of odd-numbered fatty acids containing a branch at the o-1 carbon (Fig. 1). As shown in Table 3, addition of perdeuterated valine (200-250 mM) resulted in efficient isotopic labeling of the ...
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase - Department of Biochemistry
... no effect by itself, although it does bind with good affinity to the enzyme [3]. Indeed, the small effect that IMP does have changes from activation to inhibition if the temperarare is lowered below -35°C [4]. ...
... no effect by itself, although it does bind with good affinity to the enzyme [3]. Indeed, the small effect that IMP does have changes from activation to inhibition if the temperarare is lowered below -35°C [4]. ...
The Utilization by Yeasts of Acids of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... four strains of CaruEida mycoderma were probably capable of utilizing succinic and malic acids for growth. Okunuki (1931)reported that species of the genus Rhodotorula and the genus Sporobolomyces seemed able to use citric, succinic and malic acids. In these experiments peptone was present in the gr ...
... four strains of CaruEida mycoderma were probably capable of utilizing succinic and malic acids for growth. Okunuki (1931)reported that species of the genus Rhodotorula and the genus Sporobolomyces seemed able to use citric, succinic and malic acids. In these experiments peptone was present in the gr ...
ALA synthase - HKMU Student Portal
... • However, in clinical practice, jaundice is often more complex than indicated in this simple classification • For example, the accumulation of bilirubin may be a result of defects at more than one step in its metabolism. ...
... • However, in clinical practice, jaundice is often more complex than indicated in this simple classification • For example, the accumulation of bilirubin may be a result of defects at more than one step in its metabolism. ...
to the PDF file. - CURVE
... and mammals must obtain L-methionine through the diet. Conversely plants and bacteria synthesize L-cysteine de novo and convert it to L-homocysteine and, ultimately, Lmethionine. The enzymes of the bacterial and plant transsulfuration pathway are cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), which condenses O-suc ...
... and mammals must obtain L-methionine through the diet. Conversely plants and bacteria synthesize L-cysteine de novo and convert it to L-homocysteine and, ultimately, Lmethionine. The enzymes of the bacterial and plant transsulfuration pathway are cystathionine γ-synthase (CGS), which condenses O-suc ...
New Insights into the Interaction of Carbohydrate and Fat
... Another question is whether increasing IMTG (a common aerobic training adaptation) decreases carbohydrate oxidation during exercise? The most common method to alter the IMTG availability is by long-term dietary manipulation. IMTG can be increased by 50–80 % following the consumption of high-fat diet ...
... Another question is whether increasing IMTG (a common aerobic training adaptation) decreases carbohydrate oxidation during exercise? The most common method to alter the IMTG availability is by long-term dietary manipulation. IMTG can be increased by 50–80 % following the consumption of high-fat diet ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑