Oxidation of fatty acids in eukaryotes
... Fatty acids are transported between organs either as unesterified fatty acids complexed to serum albumin or in the form of triacylglycerols associated with lipoproteins. Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed outside of cells by lipoprotein lipase to yield free fatty acids. The mechanism by which free fatt ...
... Fatty acids are transported between organs either as unesterified fatty acids complexed to serum albumin or in the form of triacylglycerols associated with lipoproteins. Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed outside of cells by lipoprotein lipase to yield free fatty acids. The mechanism by which free fatt ...
Interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
Interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
... ingeniously regulated. This thesis focuses on the interactions between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, particularly related to the pathophysiology of glycogen storage disease and type II diabetes. Metabolic fluxes, which can be defined as the rate of flow of given molecules/substrates through def ...
UNIT- V - Bhoj University
... ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms use DNA for their long-term information storage, but some viruses (e.g., retroviruses) have RNA as their genetic material. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also used for information transport (e.g ...
... ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms use DNA for their long-term information storage, but some viruses (e.g., retroviruses) have RNA as their genetic material. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. RNA is also used for information transport (e.g ...
THE MULTIFARIOUS AND DYNAMIC REGULATION OF THE LIVING CELL Karen van Eunen
... Environmental changes can perturb the internal environment of cells and organisms such that it may harm the organism. In order to survive, the organism should have the ability to rapidly adjust its physiology to the new conditions [110]. For instance, mammals can adapt their physiology such that a c ...
... Environmental changes can perturb the internal environment of cells and organisms such that it may harm the organism. In order to survive, the organism should have the ability to rapidly adjust its physiology to the new conditions [110]. For instance, mammals can adapt their physiology such that a c ...
Enzymes:The Catalysts of Life I
... For most biologically important reactions at normal cellular temperatures, the activation energy is sufficiently high that the proportion of molecules possessing that much energy at any instant is extremely small. Accordingly, the rates of uncatalyzed reactions in cells are very low, and most molecu ...
... For most biologically important reactions at normal cellular temperatures, the activation energy is sufficiently high that the proportion of molecules possessing that much energy at any instant is extremely small. Accordingly, the rates of uncatalyzed reactions in cells are very low, and most molecu ...
Unit F214
... muscle cells do not have enough oxygen / O2 is not available during anaerobic respiration / O2 is sufficient in hepatocytes ; ...
... muscle cells do not have enough oxygen / O2 is not available during anaerobic respiration / O2 is sufficient in hepatocytes ; ...
EFFECTS OF INSULIN DEFICIENCY ON EXERCISE
... phosphorylation were analyzed with RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. PGC-1α mRNA expression increased (p < 0.001) after exercise in both healthy and diabetic mice, but the response was higher in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). PDK4 mRNA expression increased after exercise only in diabetic mice (p ...
... phosphorylation were analyzed with RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. PGC-1α mRNA expression increased (p < 0.001) after exercise in both healthy and diabetic mice, but the response was higher in diabetic mice (p < 0.05). PDK4 mRNA expression increased after exercise only in diabetic mice (p ...
Heterotrophic cultures
... organic substrates, and synthetic or real wastewaters (Pulz, 2001; de-Bashan et al., 2002, 2004; Pulz and Gross, 2004; Lebeau and Robert, 2006; Harun et al., 2010). Today, the most common procedure for cultivation of microalgae is autotrophic growth. Because all microalgae are photosynthetic, and ma ...
... organic substrates, and synthetic or real wastewaters (Pulz, 2001; de-Bashan et al., 2002, 2004; Pulz and Gross, 2004; Lebeau and Robert, 2006; Harun et al., 2010). Today, the most common procedure for cultivation of microalgae is autotrophic growth. Because all microalgae are photosynthetic, and ma ...
CX3 creatine
... muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximately 95% of the total body pool of creatine is found in muscles and the source of energy for all ...
... muscles. ATP is the body’s major molecule that produces “explosive” chemical energy within cells and is also known as “molecular currency” since it transfers energy within all cells of the body. Approximately 95% of the total body pool of creatine is found in muscles and the source of energy for all ...
Science Jeopardy
... • ANSWER: The substance necessary for glucose to be broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water. • QUESTION: What is oxygen? ...
... • ANSWER: The substance necessary for glucose to be broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water. • QUESTION: What is oxygen? ...
05 Farm Animal Metabolism 05
... These isomers are incorporated into milk and meat, which explains their relatively high content in ruminant products. Eight positional isomers of CLA are possible, but the predominant product in the rumen is the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. Research has demonstrated that this compound has widespread effe ...
... These isomers are incorporated into milk and meat, which explains their relatively high content in ruminant products. Eight positional isomers of CLA are possible, but the predominant product in the rumen is the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. Research has demonstrated that this compound has widespread effe ...
File - John Robert Warner
... • Two models represent the interaction between substrates and enzymes: – In the lock-and-key model, the substrate is described as fitting into the active site as a key fits into a lock. – In the induced-fit model, the enzyme has a flexible active site that changes shape. ...
... • Two models represent the interaction between substrates and enzymes: – In the lock-and-key model, the substrate is described as fitting into the active site as a key fits into a lock. – In the induced-fit model, the enzyme has a flexible active site that changes shape. ...
Probing peroxisomal β-oxidation and the labelling of acetyl
... The discrepancy between the labelling of the C1 + 2 fragment of BHB and that of the acetyl moiety of citrate probably results from associations of enzymes resulting in metabolic channelling of intermediates [21,22], especially at low flux rate. Previous studies had concluded that the labelling of li ...
... The discrepancy between the labelling of the C1 + 2 fragment of BHB and that of the acetyl moiety of citrate probably results from associations of enzymes resulting in metabolic channelling of intermediates [21,22], especially at low flux rate. Previous studies had concluded that the labelling of li ...
Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
... • At higher enzyme concentrations, more enzymes are available to catalyze the reaction (more reactions at once) • There is a linear relationship between reaction rate and enzyme concentration (at constant substrate concentration) ...
... • At higher enzyme concentrations, more enzymes are available to catalyze the reaction (more reactions at once) • There is a linear relationship between reaction rate and enzyme concentration (at constant substrate concentration) ...
CHM 303 - Unaab.edu.ng
... Some fatty acids are not synthesized by mammals and yet are necessary for normal growth and life. These essential fatty acids include linoleic and γ-linolenic acids. These must be obtained by mammals in their diet (specifically from plant sources). Arachidonic acid, which is not found in plants, ca ...
... Some fatty acids are not synthesized by mammals and yet are necessary for normal growth and life. These essential fatty acids include linoleic and γ-linolenic acids. These must be obtained by mammals in their diet (specifically from plant sources). Arachidonic acid, which is not found in plants, ca ...
Document
... • Two models represent the interaction between substrates and enzymes: – In the lock-and-key model, the substrate is described as fitting into the active site as a key fits into a lock. – In the induced-fit model, the enzyme has a flexible active site that changes shape. ...
... • Two models represent the interaction between substrates and enzymes: – In the lock-and-key model, the substrate is described as fitting into the active site as a key fits into a lock. – In the induced-fit model, the enzyme has a flexible active site that changes shape. ...
Porphyrins (Structure of Porphyrins)
... cells responsible for the first step of heme degradation. (a) In presence of NADH & O2, the enzyme adds hydroxyl group to the methenyl bridge between two pyrrole rings with a concomitant oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3 (b) by the same enzyme system a second oxidation results in cleavage of porphyrin ring, ...
... cells responsible for the first step of heme degradation. (a) In presence of NADH & O2, the enzyme adds hydroxyl group to the methenyl bridge between two pyrrole rings with a concomitant oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3 (b) by the same enzyme system a second oxidation results in cleavage of porphyrin ring, ...
The autophagy conundrum in cancer: influence of
... (Lipinski et al., 2010). These studies support the hypothesis that certain early drivers of transformation suppress autophagy, perhaps to accommodate the need for a rapid increase in cell mass to fuel cell proliferation. One notable exception to oncogene-induced suppression of autophagy is mutation ...
... (Lipinski et al., 2010). These studies support the hypothesis that certain early drivers of transformation suppress autophagy, perhaps to accommodate the need for a rapid increase in cell mass to fuel cell proliferation. One notable exception to oncogene-induced suppression of autophagy is mutation ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
... B) Extremely stable bonds link the second and third phosphate groups. C) It contains the six-carbon sugar hexose. يحتوي على جزيء من قاعدة نيتروجينية يسمى االدنين ...
for students of the Faculty of Medicine
... During a ninhydrine reaction, the amino acid decarboxylates and deaminates, and the released ammonia is fixed with ninhydrine to form a violet-bluecoloured product. Other fragments of molecules of amino acids, fixed with the α-carbon, are called side chains or side substituents. They are marked wit ...
... During a ninhydrine reaction, the amino acid decarboxylates and deaminates, and the released ammonia is fixed with ninhydrine to form a violet-bluecoloured product. Other fragments of molecules of amino acids, fixed with the α-carbon, are called side chains or side substituents. They are marked wit ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑