lactate: what does it really tell us?
... support for a cell to cell lactate shuttle. The bulk of the evidence suggests that lactate is an important intermediary in numerous metabolic processes, a particularly mobile fuel for aerobic metabolism, and perhaps a mediator of redox state among various compartments both within and between cells. ...
... support for a cell to cell lactate shuttle. The bulk of the evidence suggests that lactate is an important intermediary in numerous metabolic processes, a particularly mobile fuel for aerobic metabolism, and perhaps a mediator of redox state among various compartments both within and between cells. ...
Some Aspects of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Isolated Fat
... decreases with administration of insulin (Flatt & Ball, 1964) and increases with prior starvation (Flatt, 1970). Flatt (1970) has in fact proposed that changes in rates of endogenous fatty acid oxidation may have profound effects on lipogenesis from carbohydrate precursors in rat adipose tissue. It ...
... decreases with administration of insulin (Flatt & Ball, 1964) and increases with prior starvation (Flatt, 1970). Flatt (1970) has in fact proposed that changes in rates of endogenous fatty acid oxidation may have profound effects on lipogenesis from carbohydrate precursors in rat adipose tissue. It ...
Controlling reaction specificity in pyridoxal phosphate
... These two reactions have differing requirements for catalysis. For example, the 1,3-proton transfer in transamination requires a general base catalyst. Yet, both reactions form carbanionic intermediates that are resonance stabilized by the coenzyme. This latter commonality requires that both the C―C ...
... These two reactions have differing requirements for catalysis. For example, the 1,3-proton transfer in transamination requires a general base catalyst. Yet, both reactions form carbanionic intermediates that are resonance stabilized by the coenzyme. This latter commonality requires that both the C―C ...
Carbon Metabolism in Spores of the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus
... colonize the roots of over 80% of plants in all terrestrial environments. Understanding why AM fungi do not complete their life cycle under free-living conditions has significant implications for the management of one of the world’s most important symbioses. We used 13C-labeled substrates and nuclea ...
... colonize the roots of over 80% of plants in all terrestrial environments. Understanding why AM fungi do not complete their life cycle under free-living conditions has significant implications for the management of one of the world’s most important symbioses. We used 13C-labeled substrates and nuclea ...
Escherichia coli ATP Synthase
... 3. Structural and Functional Aspects of Charged Residues in the Catalytic Sites of ATP Synthase Recent studies have illuminated the role of charged residues in Pi binding at the catalytic sites. Binding of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an important step in the ATP synthase mechanism which has been ext ...
... 3. Structural and Functional Aspects of Charged Residues in the Catalytic Sites of ATP Synthase Recent studies have illuminated the role of charged residues in Pi binding at the catalytic sites. Binding of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is an important step in the ATP synthase mechanism which has been ext ...
bme-biochem-3-kh-enzymes-9
... Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas of the enzyme. Some enzymes need special molecules called cofactors to carry out their function. Cofactors that are organic in nature are called coenzymes. Coenzymes are usually derived from vitamins. Coenzymes transfer func ...
... Enzymes use an active site, but can be affected by bonding at other areas of the enzyme. Some enzymes need special molecules called cofactors to carry out their function. Cofactors that are organic in nature are called coenzymes. Coenzymes are usually derived from vitamins. Coenzymes transfer func ...
1. Introduction to Natural Products Chemistry
... Different organisms may produce the same types of compounds through different pathways (e.g., convergent evolution), even if they are widely separated phylogenetically. 4. Some compounds may be produced by the same organism via more than one biosynthetic path. That is, there may be more than one pat ...
... Different organisms may produce the same types of compounds through different pathways (e.g., convergent evolution), even if they are widely separated phylogenetically. 4. Some compounds may be produced by the same organism via more than one biosynthetic path. That is, there may be more than one pat ...
Multiomics of tomato glandular trichomes reveals
... (LA1777), 8.6-fold (LA4024)) (Figure 3, Supplemental Dataset 3). Notably, the latter metabolites are involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation and in starch biosynthesis, which appear to be less active in trichomes than in leaves. Besides this, trichomes of LA1777 and LA4024 accumulate ...
... (LA1777), 8.6-fold (LA4024)) (Figure 3, Supplemental Dataset 3). Notably, the latter metabolites are involved in photosynthetic carbon fixation and in starch biosynthesis, which appear to be less active in trichomes than in leaves. Besides this, trichomes of LA1777 and LA4024 accumulate ...
Transacylation as a chain-termination mechanism in fatty acid
... acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid amount to 20mol% of the fatty acids synthesized in this tissue (Grunnet & Knudsen, 1979a). In contrast, goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase is by itself able to synthesize medium-chain fatty acids in the presence of the microsomal fraction and substrates ...
... acid, decanoic acid and dodecanoic acid amount to 20mol% of the fatty acids synthesized in this tissue (Grunnet & Knudsen, 1979a). In contrast, goat mammary-gland fatty acid synthetase is by itself able to synthesize medium-chain fatty acids in the presence of the microsomal fraction and substrates ...
Metabolism of lactic acid bacteria
... Thi s pathway is assumed to operate in all h omolactic b acteria, a lthough it has been conclusively demonstrated in only a few species. ...
... Thi s pathway is assumed to operate in all h omolactic b acteria, a lthough it has been conclusively demonstrated in only a few species. ...
Unravelling Insulin Resistance
... • GLUT4- is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found in adipose and muscle tissue that is responsible for insulinregulated glucose disposal. Eagle Pharmaceuticals – 2006 © ...
... • GLUT4- is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found in adipose and muscle tissue that is responsible for insulinregulated glucose disposal. Eagle Pharmaceuticals – 2006 © ...
Lactobacillus plantarum - UEF Electronic Publications
... range of applications where this bacterium has been used makes research on this topic especially interesting and challenging. For this reason, two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum from different origin (REB1 and MLBPL1, the latter from vegetable material) were used in proteomics studies in order t ...
... range of applications where this bacterium has been used makes research on this topic especially interesting and challenging. For this reason, two strains of Lactobacillus plantarum from different origin (REB1 and MLBPL1, the latter from vegetable material) were used in proteomics studies in order t ...
Unexpected similarities between the
... acids, creatine, carnitine, dietary metabolites (caffeine, dimethyl-xanthine), and compounds introduced during sample preparation (HEPES as an internal standard, NH4Cl formed in the LC-MS system). Peaks 11–20 are enriched in RBC samples. Many compounds are involved in energy production, antioxidatio ...
... acids, creatine, carnitine, dietary metabolites (caffeine, dimethyl-xanthine), and compounds introduced during sample preparation (HEPES as an internal standard, NH4Cl formed in the LC-MS system). Peaks 11–20 are enriched in RBC samples. Many compounds are involved in energy production, antioxidatio ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: C
... Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Amino acids, when deaminated, yield a-keto acids that, directly or via additional reactions, feed into major metabolic pathways (e.g., Krebs Cycle). Amino acids are grouped into 2 classes, based on whether or not their carbon skeletons can be converted to glucose: gluc ...
... Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Amino acids, when deaminated, yield a-keto acids that, directly or via additional reactions, feed into major metabolic pathways (e.g., Krebs Cycle). Amino acids are grouped into 2 classes, based on whether or not their carbon skeletons can be converted to glucose: gluc ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: C
... Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Amino acids, when deaminated, yield a-keto acids that, directly or via additional reactions, feed into major metabolic pathways (e.g., Krebs Cycle). Amino acids are grouped into 2 classes, based on whether or not their carbon skeletons can be converted to glucose: gluc ...
... Amino Acid Carbon Skeletons Amino acids, when deaminated, yield a-keto acids that, directly or via additional reactions, feed into major metabolic pathways (e.g., Krebs Cycle). Amino acids are grouped into 2 classes, based on whether or not their carbon skeletons can be converted to glucose: gluc ...
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA TOXICITY IN RATS Research Article
... Lactate dehydrogenase is localized in the cytoplasm of cells and thus is extruded into the serum when cells are damaged or necrotic. The measurement of total lactate dehydrogenase can be useful when only a specific organ, such as the liver, is known to be involved. Lactate ...
... Lactate dehydrogenase is localized in the cytoplasm of cells and thus is extruded into the serum when cells are damaged or necrotic. The measurement of total lactate dehydrogenase can be useful when only a specific organ, such as the liver, is known to be involved. Lactate ...
9 The AMP-activated protein kinase: more than an energy sensor
... activation and with the secretion of various (an)orexigenic peptides that control food intake [2]. Hypothalamic AMPK activation during starvation and its inactivation upon re-feeding are mediated by nutritional and hormonal signals [15]. Indeed, AMPK is inactivated not only by glucose, but also by i ...
... activation and with the secretion of various (an)orexigenic peptides that control food intake [2]. Hypothalamic AMPK activation during starvation and its inactivation upon re-feeding are mediated by nutritional and hormonal signals [15]. Indeed, AMPK is inactivated not only by glucose, but also by i ...
Crystal structure of ATP sulfurylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
... (S16±S20), but with a 2-3-1-4-5 topology. This structural classi®cation reveals its close relationship to the superfamily of P-loop-containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases and the family of nucleotide kinases, indicating a common evolutionary origin with APS kinase. Typical members of this fam ...
... (S16±S20), but with a 2-3-1-4-5 topology. This structural classi®cation reveals its close relationship to the superfamily of P-loop-containing nucleotide triphosphate hydrolases and the family of nucleotide kinases, indicating a common evolutionary origin with APS kinase. Typical members of this fam ...
CELLULAR ENERGY METABOLISM DURING FETAL
... In view of the importance of fatty acids as substrates for the mature heart, fatty acid oxidation by fetal and calf heart mitochondria has been investigated . Free fatty acids of 10 carbon units or less which exhibit carnitine-independent transport into mitochondria were effective substrates for oxi ...
... In view of the importance of fatty acids as substrates for the mature heart, fatty acid oxidation by fetal and calf heart mitochondria has been investigated . Free fatty acids of 10 carbon units or less which exhibit carnitine-independent transport into mitochondria were effective substrates for oxi ...
DISCOVERY OF ENZYMES RESPONSIBLE FOR AN ALTERNATE
... Phylogenetic analyses reveal that these microbes are one of the three direct lineages that emerged from the primordial world (1). The differences between these lineages were discovered to be so profound that it required a change in the biological classification system (2). Archaea are now positioned ...
... Phylogenetic analyses reveal that these microbes are one of the three direct lineages that emerged from the primordial world (1). The differences between these lineages were discovered to be so profound that it required a change in the biological classification system (2). Archaea are now positioned ...
Differences in postingestive metabolism of glutamate and glycine
... They were housed individually in plastic shoe box cages with wood chip bedding and stainless steel wire tops. Ambient temperature was kept at 22–23°C, and lights were set to be on at 7 AM and off at 7 PM. Mice had access to Teklad Rodent Diet 8604 and deionized water at all time unless otherwise men ...
... They were housed individually in plastic shoe box cages with wood chip bedding and stainless steel wire tops. Ambient temperature was kept at 22–23°C, and lights were set to be on at 7 AM and off at 7 PM. Mice had access to Teklad Rodent Diet 8604 and deionized water at all time unless otherwise men ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis in Protozoan Parasites: Unusual Pathways and
... malonyl-CoA to an acyl chain anchored to an acyl carrier protein (ACP). When the required acyl chain length is reached, a thioesterification reaction transfers the completed acyl chain from ACP to another receptor molecule (Fig. 3A). In humans, two multifunctional enzymes are directly involved in hu ...
... malonyl-CoA to an acyl chain anchored to an acyl carrier protein (ACP). When the required acyl chain length is reached, a thioesterification reaction transfers the completed acyl chain from ACP to another receptor molecule (Fig. 3A). In humans, two multifunctional enzymes are directly involved in hu ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑