3 Citrate metabolism and aroma compound production in lactic acid
... the conversion of citrate into lactate, since it was observed that in these microorganisms high amounts of diacetyl are formed (reviewed in [2]). The metabolic biosynthetic pathway from citrate to diacetyl was revealed in L. diacetylactis by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [4, 5]. ...
... the conversion of citrate into lactate, since it was observed that in these microorganisms high amounts of diacetyl are formed (reviewed in [2]). The metabolic biosynthetic pathway from citrate to diacetyl was revealed in L. diacetylactis by use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [4, 5]. ...
Effects of Xylitol on S. mutans
... result, for oral bacteria, in adaptation to metabolize the sugar-alcohol ...
... result, for oral bacteria, in adaptation to metabolize the sugar-alcohol ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... pool from a number of sources including dietary cholesterol, as well as cholesterol synthesized de novo by extrahepatic tissues and by the liver itself. • Cholesterol is eliminated from the liver as unmodified cholesterol in the bile, or it can be converted to bile salts that are secreted into the i ...
... pool from a number of sources including dietary cholesterol, as well as cholesterol synthesized de novo by extrahepatic tissues and by the liver itself. • Cholesterol is eliminated from the liver as unmodified cholesterol in the bile, or it can be converted to bile salts that are secreted into the i ...
Phylogenomic Investigation of Phospholipid Synthesis in Archaea
... distinctive archaeal MVA pathway in the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA) and support that different isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways are characteristic of each domain of life: the classical MVA pathway in eukaryotes, the alternative MVA pathway in archaea, and the MEP pathway in bacteri ...
... distinctive archaeal MVA pathway in the last archaeal common ancestor (LACA) and support that different isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis pathways are characteristic of each domain of life: the classical MVA pathway in eukaryotes, the alternative MVA pathway in archaea, and the MEP pathway in bacteri ...
Module 2 Biochemical bases of proliferation, intercellular
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
... 64. Who synthesized uric acid artificially from glycine and urea in 1882: A. German scientist Veller B. German scientist Fisher C. Polish-Russian scientist Nenskiy D. Austrian physiologist Maresh E. * Ukrainian scientist I. Horbachevskiy 65. Why constant excessive consumption of meat and glandular t ...
biosynthesis of fatty acids - Academic Research Collections
... a number of possibilities of their being combined with each other. Let us start with number one. Supposing there is one electron, you know it is negatively charged, so it will combine with a positively charged proton to form an atom. To recognize this atom it is given a particular name. The atom or ...
... a number of possibilities of their being combined with each other. Let us start with number one. Supposing there is one electron, you know it is negatively charged, so it will combine with a positively charged proton to form an atom. To recognize this atom it is given a particular name. The atom or ...
Stressrelated challenges in pentose fermentation to ethanol
... conditions, and a fraction of the furaldehydes is also likely to be further degraded to other organic acids – e.g. levulinic acid and formic acid (as reviewed in [12]). The lignin fraction of the biomass gives rise to different phenolics after pretreatment, e.g. phenylpropanoid derivatives, such as ...
... conditions, and a fraction of the furaldehydes is also likely to be further degraded to other organic acids – e.g. levulinic acid and formic acid (as reviewed in [12]). The lignin fraction of the biomass gives rise to different phenolics after pretreatment, e.g. phenylpropanoid derivatives, such as ...
- World Journal of Gastroenterology
... respect to the domain features, aminotransferases are grouped into different classes, including class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ. ALT and AST belong to the class-Ⅰ pyridoxalphosphate-dependent aminotransferase, which comprises 11 proteins in the human proteome, as shown in Table 1. In this review, we will ref ...
... respect to the domain features, aminotransferases are grouped into different classes, including class Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ. ALT and AST belong to the class-Ⅰ pyridoxalphosphate-dependent aminotransferase, which comprises 11 proteins in the human proteome, as shown in Table 1. In this review, we will ref ...
NH2
... ADP and one AMP). 1 ATP ADP + Pi ~P 1 ATP ADP + Pi Adenosine ~ P 1 ATP AMP + Pi + Pi ~P ►However. One NADH+H molecule is produced by oxidative deamination of glutamate to NH3 and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate provides the NH3 used in the initial synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. ► Also fumarate in the ...
... ADP and one AMP). 1 ATP ADP + Pi ~P 1 ATP ADP + Pi Adenosine ~ P 1 ATP AMP + Pi + Pi ~P ►However. One NADH+H molecule is produced by oxidative deamination of glutamate to NH3 and α-ketoglutarate. Glutamate provides the NH3 used in the initial synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate. ► Also fumarate in the ...
Enzymes at work
... though the removal of groups. Thus bonds are cleaved by a mechanism different from hydrolysis. Pectate lyases, for example, split the glycosidic linkages in pectin in an elimination reaction leaving a glucuronic acid residue with a double bond. ...
... though the removal of groups. Thus bonds are cleaved by a mechanism different from hydrolysis. Pectate lyases, for example, split the glycosidic linkages in pectin in an elimination reaction leaving a glucuronic acid residue with a double bond. ...
Proteomic profiling of fast-to-slow muscle transitions during aging
... GLYCOLYTIC-TO-OXIDATIVE SHIFT IN SENESCENT MUSCLE Energy for the regulation and maintenance of the excitation– contraction–relaxation cycle is supplied by ATP via anaerobic glycolysis, the phosphocreatine shuttle, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Carbohydrate and fatty acids cons ...
... GLYCOLYTIC-TO-OXIDATIVE SHIFT IN SENESCENT MUSCLE Energy for the regulation and maintenance of the excitation– contraction–relaxation cycle is supplied by ATP via anaerobic glycolysis, the phosphocreatine shuttle, the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Carbohydrate and fatty acids cons ...
ELEMENTARY STEPS IN ENZYME CATALYSIS AND REGULATION
... bond formation in water, is about 108 s''. Both of these rate constants suggest that the rate of conformational transitions in a protein should be considerably faster than those observed, and some additional studies with model systems suggest why this may be the case. Ultrasonic measurements in aque ...
... bond formation in water, is about 108 s''. Both of these rate constants suggest that the rate of conformational transitions in a protein should be considerably faster than those observed, and some additional studies with model systems suggest why this may be the case. Ultrasonic measurements in aque ...
Perry et al., 2008
... Subjects conducted their first training session 1 week after the TE. Subjects trained on a cycle ergometer (Monark 894 E, Vansbro, Sweden) at a power output that elicited ~90% of VO2 peak, 3 dweek–1 for 6 weeks. Subjects completed 10 exercise intervals, lasting 4 min and separated by 2 min of rest ...
... Subjects conducted their first training session 1 week after the TE. Subjects trained on a cycle ergometer (Monark 894 E, Vansbro, Sweden) at a power output that elicited ~90% of VO2 peak, 3 dweek–1 for 6 weeks. Subjects completed 10 exercise intervals, lasting 4 min and separated by 2 min of rest ...
Bile-Acid Sequestrants: Glucose-Lowering Mechanisms - HAL
... resistance results in enhanced de novo glucose production. Both phenomena contribute to elevated plasma glucose levels, first in the postprandial and later also in the fasted state. Bile acids are involved in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism by FXR-mediated pathways. The expression of FX ...
... resistance results in enhanced de novo glucose production. Both phenomena contribute to elevated plasma glucose levels, first in the postprandial and later also in the fasted state. Bile acids are involved in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism by FXR-mediated pathways. The expression of FX ...
Mechanism of Succinyl
... • Thiols are also better leaving groups (pKa 89), which explains why the hydrolysis of thioesters under basic conditions is more rapid than ester hydrolysis ...
... • Thiols are also better leaving groups (pKa 89), which explains why the hydrolysis of thioesters under basic conditions is more rapid than ester hydrolysis ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document: A COMPARISON OF THE PHYSIOLOGY
... lower energetic yield, will produce 1.5 molecules of ATP. The net energy yield for complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is approximately 30 ATP. When there are not enough oxygen molecules present to act as terminal electron acceptors in cells, the cells cannot create sufficient energy to mai ...
... lower energetic yield, will produce 1.5 molecules of ATP. The net energy yield for complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O is approximately 30 ATP. When there are not enough oxygen molecules present to act as terminal electron acceptors in cells, the cells cannot create sufficient energy to mai ...
9. Shikimates and Phenyl propanoids
... four; kimi seasons; no of; ki tree, literally “tree of four seasons”). Shikimic acid has since been found in many plants, bacteria, yeasts and moulds. It is estimated that this group accounts for 35% CO 2 H of plant dry mass, and that one-fifth of the carbon fixed by plants is channeled to shi ...
... four; kimi seasons; no of; ki tree, literally “tree of four seasons”). Shikimic acid has since been found in many plants, bacteria, yeasts and moulds. It is estimated that this group accounts for 35% CO 2 H of plant dry mass, and that one-fifth of the carbon fixed by plants is channeled to shi ...
regulation of fatty acid synthesis
... signals to cross organellar boundaries. Because fatty acids are produced in the plastid, but are principally esterified outside this organelle, a system for communicating between the source and the sinks for fatty acid utilization is essential. The nature of this communication and the signal molecul ...
... signals to cross organellar boundaries. Because fatty acids are produced in the plastid, but are principally esterified outside this organelle, a system for communicating between the source and the sinks for fatty acid utilization is essential. The nature of this communication and the signal molecul ...
iRsp1095: A genome-scale reconstruction of the Rhodobacter
... Background: Rhodobacter sphaeroides is one of the best studied purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria and serves as an excellent model for the study of photosynthesis and the metabolic capabilities of this and related facultative organisms. The ability of R. sphaeroides to produce hydrogen (H2), ...
... Background: Rhodobacter sphaeroides is one of the best studied purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria and serves as an excellent model for the study of photosynthesis and the metabolic capabilities of this and related facultative organisms. The ability of R. sphaeroides to produce hydrogen (H2), ...
Water - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... Isomerases catalyze isomerizations or internal rearrangements prolyl isomerase ...
... Isomerases catalyze isomerizations or internal rearrangements prolyl isomerase ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑