Oxidation and Synthesis of Fatty Acids in Soluble Enzyme Systems
... Fatty acid oxidation as it proceeds in mitochondria involves catalytic amounts of CoA and an elaborate cycle to regenerate CoA. If one had to reproduce such an arrangement for regeneration of CoA it would be virtually impossible to study in a test tube any one enzyme process in simple fashion. Clear ...
... Fatty acid oxidation as it proceeds in mitochondria involves catalytic amounts of CoA and an elaborate cycle to regenerate CoA. If one had to reproduce such an arrangement for regeneration of CoA it would be virtually impossible to study in a test tube any one enzyme process in simple fashion. Clear ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... conversion of citric acid into lactic acid by heterofermentative strains was more efficient than the conversion of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose into this compound [9]. This strongly supports the fact that our LAB strains heterofermentative, capable to produce gas from citrate and unabl ...
... conversion of citric acid into lactic acid by heterofermentative strains was more efficient than the conversion of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose into this compound [9]. This strongly supports the fact that our LAB strains heterofermentative, capable to produce gas from citrate and unabl ...
Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Capable to Breakdown Citric Acid
... conversion of citric acid into lactic acid by heterofermentative strains was more efficient than the conversion of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose into this compound [9]. This strongly supports the fact that our LAB strains heterofermentative, capable to produce gas from citrate and unabl ...
... conversion of citric acid into lactic acid by heterofermentative strains was more efficient than the conversion of carbohydrates such as glucose and fructose into this compound [9]. This strongly supports the fact that our LAB strains heterofermentative, capable to produce gas from citrate and unabl ...
Biosketch - NC State University
... to examine the impact of local adipocytes on mitochondrial function and insulin action in neighboring myocytes. We also seek to understand how exercise combats age-related metabolic decline. To this end, we are collaborating with Dr. William Kraus to perform metabolic and transcriptional profiling a ...
... to examine the impact of local adipocytes on mitochondrial function and insulin action in neighboring myocytes. We also seek to understand how exercise combats age-related metabolic decline. To this end, we are collaborating with Dr. William Kraus to perform metabolic and transcriptional profiling a ...
LipidMetabolism
... (d) Lowered probability of undesirable oxidations of metabolites (e) improved solubility of products Lipid Metabolism ...
... (d) Lowered probability of undesirable oxidations of metabolites (e) improved solubility of products Lipid Metabolism ...
kbook or W METABOLIC DISEASE
... these essential nutrients in more detail. You may already be able to list some food sources rich in these nutrients, in this course we will also explore the functions of nutrients in the body and how much of each nutrient you need to keep your body running smoothly. In addition to maintaining specif ...
... these essential nutrients in more detail. You may already be able to list some food sources rich in these nutrients, in this course we will also explore the functions of nutrients in the body and how much of each nutrient you need to keep your body running smoothly. In addition to maintaining specif ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
Endocrine Pancreas
... β-cells, δ-cells, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. β-Cells constitute the majority of islet cells and are concentrated in the anterior head, body, and tail of the pancreas. In contrast, the posterior portion of the head, which is derived from the primordial ventral bud (versus the dorsal bud f ...
... β-cells, δ-cells, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. β-Cells constitute the majority of islet cells and are concentrated in the anterior head, body, and tail of the pancreas. In contrast, the posterior portion of the head, which is derived from the primordial ventral bud (versus the dorsal bud f ...
Fluorescent Probe Studies of Proteins
... specific proteins. However, 9-AC is probably more selective than ANS. It undergoes a relatively low-affinity calciumdependent interaction with calmodulin (1) and, in addition, a higher affinity calmodulin-dependent interaction with smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (2, 3). Results shown in Fig ...
... specific proteins. However, 9-AC is probably more selective than ANS. It undergoes a relatively low-affinity calciumdependent interaction with calmodulin (1) and, in addition, a higher affinity calmodulin-dependent interaction with smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (2, 3). Results shown in Fig ...
Dual-Source Chromium
... Chromium is an essential trace mineral that potentiates insulin action and thus influences carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The biologically active form of chromium, sometimes called glucose tolerance factor (GTF), occurs naturally in brewers yeast. GTF has been proposed to be a complex of ...
... Chromium is an essential trace mineral that potentiates insulin action and thus influences carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The biologically active form of chromium, sometimes called glucose tolerance factor (GTF), occurs naturally in brewers yeast. GTF has been proposed to be a complex of ...
Lactate as a Metabolite and a Regulator in the Central Nervous
... for OXPHOS, should inhibit glycolysis because of shortage of NAD+ ; to overcome this situation, in anaerobic conditions (hypoxia), a large part of pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, thus oxidizing NADH(H+ ) back to NAD+ . Noteworthy, during intense physical activity, lac ...
... for OXPHOS, should inhibit glycolysis because of shortage of NAD+ ; to overcome this situation, in anaerobic conditions (hypoxia), a large part of pyruvate is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, thus oxidizing NADH(H+ ) back to NAD+ . Noteworthy, during intense physical activity, lac ...
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle
... On elaborating individual energy pathways, we find that, in short, the ATP-PCr pathway, or “fast” ATP-producing process, utilizes a coupled reaction in the cytoplasm whereby the breakdown of PCr by creatine kinase to creatine (C) + inorganic phosphate (Pi) yields energy used to synthesize ATP from t ...
... On elaborating individual energy pathways, we find that, in short, the ATP-PCr pathway, or “fast” ATP-producing process, utilizes a coupled reaction in the cytoplasm whereby the breakdown of PCr by creatine kinase to creatine (C) + inorganic phosphate (Pi) yields energy used to synthesize ATP from t ...
PAS kinase is required for normal cellular energy
... effects observed in vivo, support the hypothesis that PASK functions as a cell-autonomous regulator of cellular energy balance (14). Results Impaired Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS) in PASKⴚ/ⴚ Mice. ...
... effects observed in vivo, support the hypothesis that PASK functions as a cell-autonomous regulator of cellular energy balance (14). Results Impaired Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS) in PASKⴚ/ⴚ Mice. ...
Lactic Acid Bacteria
... From sugars occurring in foods, hexose is most often the substrate for lactic acid bacteria. The end-product of fermentation of glucose under normal conditions (excess sugar and limited access of oxygen) is lactic acid. This means that homofermentative lactic acid bacteria theoretically produce two ...
... From sugars occurring in foods, hexose is most often the substrate for lactic acid bacteria. The end-product of fermentation of glucose under normal conditions (excess sugar and limited access of oxygen) is lactic acid. This means that homofermentative lactic acid bacteria theoretically produce two ...
Involvement of Polyamine Catabolism in the Regulation of Glucose
... regulation of glucose, energy and lipid metabolism was investigated using transgenic mice overexpressing or deficient for SSAT. The characterization of SSAT mice revealed that these mice exhibited severely reduced whole body WAT mass, elevated energy expenditure, high insulin sensitivity, a low tiss ...
... regulation of glucose, energy and lipid metabolism was investigated using transgenic mice overexpressing or deficient for SSAT. The characterization of SSAT mice revealed that these mice exhibited severely reduced whole body WAT mass, elevated energy expenditure, high insulin sensitivity, a low tiss ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-Dependent Regulation of Staphylococcus
... regulated by environmental/nutritional signals (e.g., nitrogen, iron, and calcium) (47). Because PIA is the most important virulence determinant of S. epidermidis (2, 7, 38, 56, 57, 84), it is not surprising that PIA synthesis is regulated by environmental and nutritional signals (13, 16, 18, 22, 53 ...
... regulated by environmental/nutritional signals (e.g., nitrogen, iron, and calcium) (47). Because PIA is the most important virulence determinant of S. epidermidis (2, 7, 38, 56, 57, 84), it is not surprising that PIA synthesis is regulated by environmental and nutritional signals (13, 16, 18, 22, 53 ...
Panel 13–2 The complete citric acid cycle
... displaces the CoA, forming a high-energy phosphate linkage to succinate. This phosphate is then passed to GDP to form GTP. (In bacteria and plants, ATP is formed instead.) ...
... displaces the CoA, forming a high-energy phosphate linkage to succinate. This phosphate is then passed to GDP to form GTP. (In bacteria and plants, ATP is formed instead.) ...
Mass spectrometric analysis of tricarboxylic acid cycle
... provides variety of important biosynthetic precursors. For example oxaloacetate is a starting material for gluconeogenesis and together with α-ketoglutarate also serves as molecular building block for many amino acids, as well as for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Fatty acid biosynthesis starts ...
... provides variety of important biosynthetic precursors. For example oxaloacetate is a starting material for gluconeogenesis and together with α-ketoglutarate also serves as molecular building block for many amino acids, as well as for purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Fatty acid biosynthesis starts ...
Full-Text PDF
... Figure 1. Schematics of cyanobacterial central metabolism. NADPH and ATP are generated through light reactions. Subsequently, they are used to convert CO2 into central metabolites, which can be used for biochemical synthesis. Most commonly used cyanobacterial models (Table 1) are Synechococcus elong ...
... Figure 1. Schematics of cyanobacterial central metabolism. NADPH and ATP are generated through light reactions. Subsequently, they are used to convert CO2 into central metabolites, which can be used for biochemical synthesis. Most commonly used cyanobacterial models (Table 1) are Synechococcus elong ...
Multiple long-term, experimentally
... first time E. coli has acquired the ability to aerobically utilize citrate. Cit+ E. coli K12 had previously been observed to arise spontaneously [19], and high expression. Plastids has been shown to confer aerobic citrate growth upon E. coli B [20]. Besides the remarkable story of novel aerobic util ...
... first time E. coli has acquired the ability to aerobically utilize citrate. Cit+ E. coli K12 had previously been observed to arise spontaneously [19], and high expression. Plastids has been shown to confer aerobic citrate growth upon E. coli B [20]. Besides the remarkable story of novel aerobic util ...
The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways
... that mildronate also decreases L-carnitine concentrations by 20% in healthy human nonvegetarian volunteers (Liepinsh et al., 2011a). A less-pronounced effect of mildronate on Lcarnitine content in humans could be explained by meat consumption, which is the most important source of L-carnitine (Rebou ...
... that mildronate also decreases L-carnitine concentrations by 20% in healthy human nonvegetarian volunteers (Liepinsh et al., 2011a). A less-pronounced effect of mildronate on Lcarnitine content in humans could be explained by meat consumption, which is the most important source of L-carnitine (Rebou ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑