AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates transcription factors of
... Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
... Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Submitted 21 August 2007; accepted in final form 27 November 2007 ...
Full-Text PDF
... function impairment in multiple tissues and organs. The metabolism of fructose is quite different from glucose in catabolic reaction, as well as metabolite and regulatory mechanism. Fructose is metabolized in liver via fructolysis, and the primary metabolites and by-products include glucose, lactate ...
... function impairment in multiple tissues and organs. The metabolism of fructose is quite different from glucose in catabolic reaction, as well as metabolite and regulatory mechanism. Fructose is metabolized in liver via fructolysis, and the primary metabolites and by-products include glucose, lactate ...
Characterization of NAD Salvage Pathways and their Role in
... primarily responsible for nicotinamide riboside import. Furthermore, a pnuC mutant is ...
... primarily responsible for nicotinamide riboside import. Furthermore, a pnuC mutant is ...
BIOSENSOR (General principles and applications)
... by identifying material and the degree of concentration ...
... by identifying material and the degree of concentration ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds. B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds. C) Exergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the breaking of bond ...
... A) Exergonic reactions involve ionic bonds; endergonic reactions involve covalent bonds. B) Exergonic reactions involve the breaking of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds. C) Exergonic reactions involve the formation of bonds; endergonic reactions involve the breaking of bond ...
Mitochondria - Physical Mathematics
... of animals, plants, and fungi, burn food molecules to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Chloroplasts, which occur only in plants and green algae, harness solar energy to produce ATP by photosynthesis. In electron micrographs, the most striking features of both mitochondria and chloroplasts a ...
... of animals, plants, and fungi, burn food molecules to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Chloroplasts, which occur only in plants and green algae, harness solar energy to produce ATP by photosynthesis. In electron micrographs, the most striking features of both mitochondria and chloroplasts a ...
The Intermediary Metabolism of Cholesterol
... nutritional states excepting those which involve excessive feeding of cholesterol itself. Cholesterol is not required as an essential dietary constituent since synthetic, sterol-free diets are adequate for growth and maintenance of most animals. In this respect the larvae of certain insects' and som ...
... nutritional states excepting those which involve excessive feeding of cholesterol itself. Cholesterol is not required as an essential dietary constituent since synthetic, sterol-free diets are adequate for growth and maintenance of most animals. In this respect the larvae of certain insects' and som ...
Malic acid production by Aspergillus oryzae
... from the mitochondrion in the cytosol, the whole process seems more like a bioconversion of glucose to citrate with maximum yields of about 95%. The above described pathway shows the origin of pyruvate as a direct result of glycolysis. But it was shown that considerable amounts of citric acid must h ...
... from the mitochondrion in the cytosol, the whole process seems more like a bioconversion of glucose to citrate with maximum yields of about 95%. The above described pathway shows the origin of pyruvate as a direct result of glycolysis. But it was shown that considerable amounts of citric acid must h ...
The Synthesis of Enzymes Concerned in Bacterio
... Preparation of culture samples for assay. At intervals samples were removed from the growing cultures for estimation of dry wt. of organisms, bacteriochlorophyll and enzymic activity. The volume removed depended on the culture density, varying from 25 to 100 ml., of which 6 ml. were used for determi ...
... Preparation of culture samples for assay. At intervals samples were removed from the growing cultures for estimation of dry wt. of organisms, bacteriochlorophyll and enzymic activity. The volume removed depended on the culture density, varying from 25 to 100 ml., of which 6 ml. were used for determi ...
Evaluation of different fermentation processes for use by small
... totally depleted after 2 days, during which time the yeasts transformed them into ethanol at temperatures of 25–35°C. The most notable temperature increase in the four treatments was 49°C on the third day, corresponding to a decrease in pH from 6.31 ± 0.40 to 4.76 ± 0.03 and an increase in acidity f ...
... totally depleted after 2 days, during which time the yeasts transformed them into ethanol at temperatures of 25–35°C. The most notable temperature increase in the four treatments was 49°C on the third day, corresponding to a decrease in pH from 6.31 ± 0.40 to 4.76 ± 0.03 and an increase in acidity f ...
Review: can diet influence the selective advantage of mitochondrial
... metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Although the exact response depends, in part, on the specific mitochondrial perturbation, in general, the transcriptional response resu ...
... metabolic and biochemical changes. Remarkably, rather than being harmful, these changes may increase evolutionary potential and decrease susceptibility for disease. Although the exact response depends, in part, on the specific mitochondrial perturbation, in general, the transcriptional response resu ...
A novel zinc-dependent D-serine dehydratase
... anterior pituitary gland and pancreas [7], but its physiological role is currently unclear. To understand the function of D-amino acids in eukaryotes, we have been studying the roles of D-amino acids and their metabolizing enzymes in two yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ...
... anterior pituitary gland and pancreas [7], but its physiological role is currently unclear. To understand the function of D-amino acids in eukaryotes, we have been studying the roles of D-amino acids and their metabolizing enzymes in two yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe ...
1 High resolution metabolomics with acyl
... Thioester compounds containing coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) are key metabolites in intermediary metabolism. The most prominent of which is acetyl-CoA whose levels regulate critical cellular processes such as energy metabolism, protein acetylation, lipid synthesis and catabolism, and even autophagy (1-4). O ...
... Thioester compounds containing coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) are key metabolites in intermediary metabolism. The most prominent of which is acetyl-CoA whose levels regulate critical cellular processes such as energy metabolism, protein acetylation, lipid synthesis and catabolism, and even autophagy (1-4). O ...
Elucidating Flux Regulation of the Fermentation Modes of
... It is impossible to complete my PhD study without the help of many people. First of all, I must express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular b ...
... It is impossible to complete my PhD study without the help of many people. First of all, I must express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Christian Solem and Peter Ruhdal Jensen. Christian has taught me numerous principles, skills and knowledge in practical as well as theoretical molecular b ...
metabolism during adventitious root primordium initiation
... 1971; Nanda, Anand, Kochlar and Jain, 1971). Applied simple sugars have no or an inhibitory effect under conditions of endogenous carbohydrate sufficiency (Lovell, Cobb and Moore, 1971; Lovell, Illsley and Moore, 1972; Moore, Cobb and Lovell, 1972). Enhanced starch metabolism in cuttings probably re ...
... 1971; Nanda, Anand, Kochlar and Jain, 1971). Applied simple sugars have no or an inhibitory effect under conditions of endogenous carbohydrate sufficiency (Lovell, Cobb and Moore, 1971; Lovell, Illsley and Moore, 1972; Moore, Cobb and Lovell, 1972). Enhanced starch metabolism in cuttings probably re ...
Anaerobic and aerobic pathways for salvage of proximal tubules
... respiratory complex I and other inner mitochondrial membrane components. However, there are at least two explanations for the beneficial effects afforded by provision of the substrates only during reoxygenation, and they are not mutually exclusive. One is that the same mechanisms of substrate-level ...
... respiratory complex I and other inner mitochondrial membrane components. However, there are at least two explanations for the beneficial effects afforded by provision of the substrates only during reoxygenation, and they are not mutually exclusive. One is that the same mechanisms of substrate-level ...
Enzymes
... This conversion, which takes place through a series of separate reactions, has a very large and negative DG, and at equilibrium the amount of sucrose present is negligible. Yet sucrose is a stable compound because the activation energy barrier that must be overcome before sucrose reacts with oxyge ...
... This conversion, which takes place through a series of separate reactions, has a very large and negative DG, and at equilibrium the amount of sucrose present is negligible. Yet sucrose is a stable compound because the activation energy barrier that must be overcome before sucrose reacts with oxyge ...
Novel regulatory roles of omega-3 fatty acids in metabolic pathways
... exert their biological actions [20,21], however, the information available is scanty, inconclusive, and does not explicitly define the proteins and pathways involved in the actions of PUFA. N-3 and n-6 PUFA form bioactive mediators which act on different receptors and proteins in the body [22]. Prot ...
... exert their biological actions [20,21], however, the information available is scanty, inconclusive, and does not explicitly define the proteins and pathways involved in the actions of PUFA. N-3 and n-6 PUFA form bioactive mediators which act on different receptors and proteins in the body [22]. Prot ...
Development, validation and biological application of
... cancer, so there is a vast interest in the accurate determination of lipid synthesis fluxes. However, there is no gold standard for measuring these fluxes. Therefore, the initial goal of this project was to develop and validate a novel, non-invasive methodology that could be used to measure these fl ...
... cancer, so there is a vast interest in the accurate determination of lipid synthesis fluxes. However, there is no gold standard for measuring these fluxes. Therefore, the initial goal of this project was to develop and validate a novel, non-invasive methodology that could be used to measure these fl ...
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND CELLULAR REGULATION, I by
... a was active in the absence of this nucleotide. Since the concentration of 5’-AMP required for the activity of phosphorylase b was considerably higher ’ than that found in muscle, this form was considered to be physiologically inactive. Phosphorylas e a was thought of as the physiologically active s ...
... a was active in the absence of this nucleotide. Since the concentration of 5’-AMP required for the activity of phosphorylase b was considerably higher ’ than that found in muscle, this form was considered to be physiologically inactive. Phosphorylas e a was thought of as the physiologically active s ...
PDF - Geoff McFadden`s Lab
... equivalents is unclear. Similarly, no enzymes for a pentose phosphate pathway have been found in apicoplasts. Plant plastids can import ATP in exchange for ADP using an antiporter that is similar to that of the human pathogen Rickettsia 30, but no such transporter has been found in Plasmodium specie ...
... equivalents is unclear. Similarly, no enzymes for a pentose phosphate pathway have been found in apicoplasts. Plant plastids can import ATP in exchange for ADP using an antiporter that is similar to that of the human pathogen Rickettsia 30, but no such transporter has been found in Plasmodium specie ...
Metabolic Activity Decreases as an Adaptive Response to Low
... metabolically active, dense or bulky tissues. In animals that tolerate hypoxia or anoxia, low oxygen triggers an adaptive inhibition of respiration and metabolic activity. Growing potato tubers were used to investigate whether an analogous response exists in plants. Oxygen concentrations fall below ...
... metabolically active, dense or bulky tissues. In animals that tolerate hypoxia or anoxia, low oxygen triggers an adaptive inhibition of respiration and metabolic activity. Growing potato tubers were used to investigate whether an analogous response exists in plants. Oxygen concentrations fall below ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑