The shikimate pathway in apicomplexan parasites: Implications for
... many fungal species (see Figure 1) (30-32). Quinate, which comprises about 10% by weight of decaying leaf litter, is used as an abundant carbon source in many fungi (33). Whereas the fungal DHQase of the quinate pathway is encoded in a cluster of eight genes that is transcriptionally regulated in re ...
... many fungal species (see Figure 1) (30-32). Quinate, which comprises about 10% by weight of decaying leaf litter, is used as an abundant carbon source in many fungi (33). Whereas the fungal DHQase of the quinate pathway is encoded in a cluster of eight genes that is transcriptionally regulated in re ...
Ketone body metabolism and cardiovascular disease - AJP
... Sirtuin, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog (SIRT); In mammals, these enzymes comprise a family of seven NAD⫹-dependent enzymes that coordinate an array of cellular processes via deacetyalse, demalonylase, desuccinylase, and ADP-ribosylase enzymatic activities. TCA cycle, tricarboxy ...
... Sirtuin, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog (SIRT); In mammals, these enzymes comprise a family of seven NAD⫹-dependent enzymes that coordinate an array of cellular processes via deacetyalse, demalonylase, desuccinylase, and ADP-ribosylase enzymatic activities. TCA cycle, tricarboxy ...
Glycolic acid production in the engineered yeasts Saccharomyces
... To increase glycolic acid production, the isocitrate lyase encoding gene ICL1 was overexpressed and the cytosolic form of the isocitrate dehydrogenase encoding gene IDP2 was deleted. Since the glyoxylate cycle is glucose repressed in S. cerevisiae [18], we also deleted the gene for the regulatory fa ...
... To increase glycolic acid production, the isocitrate lyase encoding gene ICL1 was overexpressed and the cytosolic form of the isocitrate dehydrogenase encoding gene IDP2 was deleted. Since the glyoxylate cycle is glucose repressed in S. cerevisiae [18], we also deleted the gene for the regulatory fa ...
This paper is published in a part-themed issue of Photochemical
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
... was cooled and added to the exhausted cold solution it became luminous again because the component that was used up in the cold solution was precisely the one that was not destroyed by the heat. Dubois called the molecule that was consumed in the bioluminescence reaction luciferin and the component ...
the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in glucose and ketone
... 1.1. Regulation of blood glucose levels in the fed state......................................................2 1.2. Regulation of blood glucose levels in the fasted state .................................................2 1.3. Regulation of blood glucose by counter-regulatory hormones ............. ...
... 1.1. Regulation of blood glucose levels in the fed state......................................................2 1.2. Regulation of blood glucose levels in the fasted state .................................................2 1.3. Regulation of blood glucose by counter-regulatory hormones ............. ...
Saccharomyces species in the Production of Beer
... in Germany for the production production of beer were water, barley, and hops. The principal purpose of the law was to prevent of beer were water, barley, and hops. The principal purpose of the law was to prevent price competition price competition with bakers for wheat and rye and to ensure the av ...
... in Germany for the production production of beer were water, barley, and hops. The principal purpose of the law was to prevent of beer were water, barley, and hops. The principal purpose of the law was to prevent price competition price competition with bakers for wheat and rye and to ensure the av ...
THE ATP SYNTHASE—A SPLENDID MOLECULAR MACHINE
... The isolated separate α- and β-subunits, although they bind ATP, are essentially devoid of ATPase activity. An α3 β3 complex from TF1 retains some catalytic activity (35). Small-angle X-ray scattering of the α3 β3 complex is consistent with six ellipsoids hexagonally arranged, as in F1 -ATPase (36). ...
... The isolated separate α- and β-subunits, although they bind ATP, are essentially devoid of ATPase activity. An α3 β3 complex from TF1 retains some catalytic activity (35). Small-angle X-ray scattering of the α3 β3 complex is consistent with six ellipsoids hexagonally arranged, as in F1 -ATPase (36). ...
Contribution of 13C-NMR spectroscopy to the elucidation of
... Abstract Propionate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of complex organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. The metabolism of propionate-forming and propionate-degrading bacteria is reviewed here. Propionate is formed during fermentation of polysaccharides, proteins and fa ...
... Abstract Propionate is an important intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of complex organic matter to methane and carbon dioxide. The metabolism of propionate-forming and propionate-degrading bacteria is reviewed here. Propionate is formed during fermentation of polysaccharides, proteins and fa ...
Part 5 Coenzyme-Dependent Enzyme Mechansims
... carbaion is a high-energy molecule that cannot exit for long under the biochemical conditions • The main barrier to decarboxylation is the formation of the carbanion • The decarboxylation will be facilitated when a mechanism exists to stabilize the carbanion produced by decarboxylation ...
... carbaion is a high-energy molecule that cannot exit for long under the biochemical conditions • The main barrier to decarboxylation is the formation of the carbanion • The decarboxylation will be facilitated when a mechanism exists to stabilize the carbanion produced by decarboxylation ...
Mechanism of CS, Cont`d
... carbaion is a high-energy molecule that cannot exit for long under the biochemical conditions • The main barrier to decarboxylation is the formation of the carbanion • The decarboxylation will be facilitated when a mechanism exists to stabilize the carbanion produced by decarboxylation ...
... carbaion is a high-energy molecule that cannot exit for long under the biochemical conditions • The main barrier to decarboxylation is the formation of the carbanion • The decarboxylation will be facilitated when a mechanism exists to stabilize the carbanion produced by decarboxylation ...
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine
... PMP & PNP are oxidized by a FMNFMN-dependent oxidase to form PLP. The forms of vitamin B6 found in food are converted to active forms in the liver. Zinc, riboflavin, and niacin are necessary for this process. Fasting and reducing diets usually deplete the vitamin B6 supply unless it is supplemented. ...
... PMP & PNP are oxidized by a FMNFMN-dependent oxidase to form PLP. The forms of vitamin B6 found in food are converted to active forms in the liver. Zinc, riboflavin, and niacin are necessary for this process. Fasting and reducing diets usually deplete the vitamin B6 supply unless it is supplemented. ...
Cloning and Expression of Bovine Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter SGLT2* J. Dairy Sci. 88:2738–2748
... of SGLT2 in the cDNA library of bovine mammary tissues, indicating its expression in bovine mammary gland. To facilitate study of the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in bovine kidneys in maintenance of glucose homeostasis of lactating cows and the potential role of SGLT2 in the mammary gland, we c ...
... of SGLT2 in the cDNA library of bovine mammary tissues, indicating its expression in bovine mammary gland. To facilitate study of the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in bovine kidneys in maintenance of glucose homeostasis of lactating cows and the potential role of SGLT2 in the mammary gland, we c ...
Multiple Disturbances of Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in
... glucose metabolism. It has been shown using the euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry that in nondiabetic subjects an elevation of plasma FFA is accompanied by an increase in lipid oxidation and a concomitant decrease in glucose oxidation (9, 10), and that lipid oxidation and carbohydrate oxidat ...
... glucose metabolism. It has been shown using the euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry that in nondiabetic subjects an elevation of plasma FFA is accompanied by an increase in lipid oxidation and a concomitant decrease in glucose oxidation (9, 10), and that lipid oxidation and carbohydrate oxidat ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
View/Open - Kenyatta University
... EXTRACTS OF PAPPEA CAPENSIS, SENNA SPECTABILIS, MAYTENUS OBSCURA, OCIMUM AMERICANUM AND LAUNAEA CORNUTA ...
... EXTRACTS OF PAPPEA CAPENSIS, SENNA SPECTABILIS, MAYTENUS OBSCURA, OCIMUM AMERICANUM AND LAUNAEA CORNUTA ...
Novel control of lactate dehydrogenase from the freeze
... Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the terminal enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis, plays a crucial role both in sustaining glycolytic ATP production under oxygen-limiting conditions and in facilitating the catabolism of accumulated lactate when stress conditions are relieved. In this study, the effects on LD ...
... Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the terminal enzyme of anaerobic glycolysis, plays a crucial role both in sustaining glycolytic ATP production under oxygen-limiting conditions and in facilitating the catabolism of accumulated lactate when stress conditions are relieved. In this study, the effects on LD ...
Lewis 1..13 - Gerszten Lab
... by 79% [interquartile range (IQR), 42 to 182%]. We observed heterogeneity in niacinamide elevation in response to exercise, in that leaner individuals [subjects with body mass index (BMI) less than the median value of 28] had an increase in niacinamide in response to exercise that was more than doub ...
... by 79% [interquartile range (IQR), 42 to 182%]. We observed heterogeneity in niacinamide elevation in response to exercise, in that leaner individuals [subjects with body mass index (BMI) less than the median value of 28] had an increase in niacinamide in response to exercise that was more than doub ...
Catalytic mechanism of nucleoside diphosphate kinase investigated
... rate versus [NDP] plot, keeping the nucleoside diphosphate concentration lower than Km by a factor of at least 5. An alternative approach for determining kcat/Km is to measure the first-order rate constant of nucleoside diphosphate consumption at a very low concentration using the coupled assay in t ...
... rate versus [NDP] plot, keeping the nucleoside diphosphate concentration lower than Km by a factor of at least 5. An alternative approach for determining kcat/Km is to measure the first-order rate constant of nucleoside diphosphate consumption at a very low concentration using the coupled assay in t ...
Cholesterol Synthesis
... HMG-CoA Reductase is inhibited by phosphorylation, catalyzed by AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (which also regulates fatty acid synthesis and catabolism). This kinase is active when cellular AMP is high, corresponding to when ATP is low. Thus, when cellular ATP is low, energy is not expended in synthe ...
... HMG-CoA Reductase is inhibited by phosphorylation, catalyzed by AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase (which also regulates fatty acid synthesis and catabolism). This kinase is active when cellular AMP is high, corresponding to when ATP is low. Thus, when cellular ATP is low, energy is not expended in synthe ...
Terpene Biosynthesis
... in IPP isomerase activity, consistent with the absence of an obvious homologue for the enzyme in its genome.27 Incorporation of labelled IPP into terpenoids (primarily C20) in cell extracts occurred only upon priming with DMAPP. Isoprenoid synthesis in Synechococcus does not appear to involve interc ...
... in IPP isomerase activity, consistent with the absence of an obvious homologue for the enzyme in its genome.27 Incorporation of labelled IPP into terpenoids (primarily C20) in cell extracts occurred only upon priming with DMAPP. Isoprenoid synthesis in Synechococcus does not appear to involve interc ...
as a PDF
... of renal ammoniagenesis (3,4). Luminal (filtrate) and contraluminal (plasma) glutamine can be taken up by the tubular cell. Peritubular uptake becomes increasingly important in metabolic acidosis (22), explaining why renal glutamine clearance exceeds glomerular filtration under acidotic conditions. ...
... of renal ammoniagenesis (3,4). Luminal (filtrate) and contraluminal (plasma) glutamine can be taken up by the tubular cell. Peritubular uptake becomes increasingly important in metabolic acidosis (22), explaining why renal glutamine clearance exceeds glomerular filtration under acidotic conditions. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑