Production of L-(+) Lactic Acid From Blackstrap Molasses by
... Addition of yeast extract to molasses shortened the lag phase and Increased cell mass. In batch fermentations without pH control, the highest ratio of lactic add produced to cell mass was 12 from non-suppiemented molasses. For pH controlled batch fermentations, the ratio's of lactic add produced/cel ...
... Addition of yeast extract to molasses shortened the lag phase and Increased cell mass. In batch fermentations without pH control, the highest ratio of lactic add produced to cell mass was 12 from non-suppiemented molasses. For pH controlled batch fermentations, the ratio's of lactic add produced/cel ...
Carnitine Overview
... carries a molecule of cytosolic acylcarnitine within the mitochondrion exchanging it with one molecule of free carnitine present in the mitochondrion, that is transported in the cytosol. ...
... carries a molecule of cytosolic acylcarnitine within the mitochondrion exchanging it with one molecule of free carnitine present in the mitochondrion, that is transported in the cytosol. ...
Chapter 4 - University of Amsterdam
... long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria as well as the transfer of the products of peroxisomal β-oxidation, i.e. shortened fatty acids and acetyl units to the mitochondria. Additional (related) roles of carnitine include modulation of the acylCoA/CoA ratio, storage of energy (in the ...
... long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria as well as the transfer of the products of peroxisomal β-oxidation, i.e. shortened fatty acids and acetyl units to the mitochondria. Additional (related) roles of carnitine include modulation of the acylCoA/CoA ratio, storage of energy (in the ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... sium-phosphate, pH 7.2; C, a solution of 0.2 M tris- most experiments 10 uliters of UDP-MurNAc-tri(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride, 0.01 peptide (2 mM) and 10 ttliters of distilled water were M MnCl, and 0.02 M ATP, final pH 8.5. added instead of 20 uliters of water. Solvents. The following ...
... sium-phosphate, pH 7.2; C, a solution of 0.2 M tris- most experiments 10 uliters of UDP-MurNAc-tri(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-hydrochloride, 0.01 peptide (2 mM) and 10 ttliters of distilled water were M MnCl, and 0.02 M ATP, final pH 8.5. added instead of 20 uliters of water. Solvents. The following ...
Unusual ADP-forming acetyl-coenzyme A synthetases from the
... Solubilization, refolding, and purification of recombinant H. marismortui ACD Refolding of the insoluble recombinant ACD was carried out using a modified method according to Connaris et al. (1999). E. coli BL21 codon plus(DE3)-RIL cell pellets, transformed with pET17b-acdHar, were resuspended in 20 mM ...
... Solubilization, refolding, and purification of recombinant H. marismortui ACD Refolding of the insoluble recombinant ACD was carried out using a modified method according to Connaris et al. (1999). E. coli BL21 codon plus(DE3)-RIL cell pellets, transformed with pET17b-acdHar, were resuspended in 20 mM ...
REDESIGN OF CARNITINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE SPECIFICITY BY PROTEIN ENGINEERING UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA
... three proteins, CPT I, CACT and CPT II, each with a different submitochondrial localization (Kerner, 2000). As a first step, LCFA-CoAs formed by the catalytic action of LCAS in the MOM are converted to acylcarnitines. This transesterification is catalysed by transmembrane CPT I protein, also localiz ...
... three proteins, CPT I, CACT and CPT II, each with a different submitochondrial localization (Kerner, 2000). As a first step, LCFA-CoAs formed by the catalytic action of LCAS in the MOM are converted to acylcarnitines. This transesterification is catalysed by transmembrane CPT I protein, also localiz ...
Ketone Body Metabolism Preserves Hepatic Function during
... Ketone Body Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease The work presented in this chapter has been adapted from: Cotter, D. G., Schugar, R. C., and Crawford, P. A. (2013). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304(8), H1060-1076 Abstract Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways t ...
... Ketone Body Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease The work presented in this chapter has been adapted from: Cotter, D. G., Schugar, R. C., and Crawford, P. A. (2013). Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 304(8), H1060-1076 Abstract Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways t ...
A study on the efficient production of lactic acid with metabolically
... were consumed to produce 49.1 g/liter of lactic acid. It was considered that the production rate may be inhibited by xylose derived from hemicellulose in paper pulp (Park et al. 2004). Ruengruglikit and Hang demonstrated lactate fermentation with corncobs as the carbon source, and this yield exhibit ...
... were consumed to produce 49.1 g/liter of lactic acid. It was considered that the production rate may be inhibited by xylose derived from hemicellulose in paper pulp (Park et al. 2004). Ruengruglikit and Hang demonstrated lactate fermentation with corncobs as the carbon source, and this yield exhibit ...
Biochemical characterization of the initial steps of the Kennedy
... the agent of African sleeping sickness, GPCho accounts for approximately half of all phospholipids in both life-cycle stages, whereas GPEtn forms between 16 and 21 % [2]. These phospholipids contribute an important structural role to the membrane and, in addition, determine membrane fluidity and cel ...
... the agent of African sleeping sickness, GPCho accounts for approximately half of all phospholipids in both life-cycle stages, whereas GPEtn forms between 16 and 21 % [2]. These phospholipids contribute an important structural role to the membrane and, in addition, determine membrane fluidity and cel ...
insulin therapy for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
... At present insulin substitution therapy is still considered imperfect. Improved glycemic control can prevent diabetes complication. This requires early and prolonged implementation of intensive insulin therapy. ...
... At present insulin substitution therapy is still considered imperfect. Improved glycemic control can prevent diabetes complication. This requires early and prolonged implementation of intensive insulin therapy. ...
carboxylesterase 1 plays an essential role in non
... for 20% of the lipid pool in the liver, alteration of de novo synthetic gene expressions are often present in patients with metabolic diseases. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia induce sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) ...
... for 20% of the lipid pool in the liver, alteration of de novo synthetic gene expressions are often present in patients with metabolic diseases. Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia induce sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) ...
University of Groningen Citrate driven transamination for
... citrate with one proton and exchange of divalent citrate with monovalent L-lactate (Fig. 2) (2, 3, 57, 64). Since the former was much slower than the latter, it was concluded that CitP is a symporter that has been optimized to catalyze exchange under physiological conditions during citrate/carbohydr ...
... citrate with one proton and exchange of divalent citrate with monovalent L-lactate (Fig. 2) (2, 3, 57, 64). Since the former was much slower than the latter, it was concluded that CitP is a symporter that has been optimized to catalyze exchange under physiological conditions during citrate/carbohydr ...
Targeting apicoplasts in malaria parasites
... generated from a virtual proteome assembled by combining information about the characteristic signals needed to direct nuclear-encoded proteins to the apicoplast with the function of the genes that carried those signals. The Plasmodium apicoplast was revealed as a stripped down version of a chloropl ...
... generated from a virtual proteome assembled by combining information about the characteristic signals needed to direct nuclear-encoded proteins to the apicoplast with the function of the genes that carried those signals. The Plasmodium apicoplast was revealed as a stripped down version of a chloropl ...
dhaA - Queen`s University Belfast
... For many compounds to be degraded quickly there needs to be a reaction with Oxygen. Known as Oxygen fixation Mediated in nature my many microorganisms Enzymes known as oxygenases Carbon and Oxygen cycle at necessary for life on the planet Fortunately molecular Oxygen is not very reactive ...
... For many compounds to be degraded quickly there needs to be a reaction with Oxygen. Known as Oxygen fixation Mediated in nature my many microorganisms Enzymes known as oxygenases Carbon and Oxygen cycle at necessary for life on the planet Fortunately molecular Oxygen is not very reactive ...
The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: What structures
... 2,25 and Bacillus thermodenitrificans pyruvate carboxylase26 all demonstrated conformations for the Bdomains somewhere between the closed and completely open forms. Recent molecular dynamics studies of E. coli biotin carboxylase suggest that the most stable position for the B-domain may not be in th ...
... 2,25 and Bacillus thermodenitrificans pyruvate carboxylase26 all demonstrated conformations for the Bdomains somewhere between the closed and completely open forms. Recent molecular dynamics studies of E. coli biotin carboxylase suggest that the most stable position for the B-domain may not be in th ...
Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of
... Most eukaryotes perform the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eukaryotes that lack mitochondria also lack PDH, using instead the O2-sensitive enzyme pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which is localized either in the cytosol or in hydr ...
... Most eukaryotes perform the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eukaryotes that lack mitochondria also lack PDH, using instead the O2-sensitive enzyme pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which is localized either in the cytosol or in hydr ...
Pyruvate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase from the Mitochondrion of
... Most eukaryotes perform the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eukaryotes that lack mitochondria also lack PDH, using instead the O2-sensitive enzyme pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which is localized either in the cytosol or in hydr ...
... Most eukaryotes perform the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria using pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). Eukaryotes that lack mitochondria also lack PDH, using instead the O2-sensitive enzyme pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO), which is localized either in the cytosol or in hydr ...
Recycling of vitamin B12 and NAD+ within the Pdu
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
... that PduS is a monomer and each monomer of PduS contains one non-covalently bound FMN and two [4Fe-4S] clusters which are oxygen-labile. Genetic studies showed that a pduS deletion decreased the growth rate of Salmonella on 1,2-PD supporting a role in cobalamin reduction in vivo. Further SDS-PAGE an ...
Purification and properties of NADP +-dependent
... batch prepared from between one to five residues per mole. In the purified A . niger enzyme one ornithine residue was found. The presence of ornithine was confirmed independently by the methanesulphonic acid and performic acid hydrolysis methods. The modification must be due to the action of an argi ...
... batch prepared from between one to five residues per mole. In the purified A . niger enzyme one ornithine residue was found. The presence of ornithine was confirmed independently by the methanesulphonic acid and performic acid hydrolysis methods. The modification must be due to the action of an argi ...
Being right on Q: shaping eukaryotic evolution
... This is accomplished by uncoupling obligatory synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase from the return of protons to the mt matrix passing the inner membrane (the original bacterial membrane). Of course, this has to occur in a highly controlled manner, for example, using protein channels that (either as uni ...
... This is accomplished by uncoupling obligatory synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase from the return of protons to the mt matrix passing the inner membrane (the original bacterial membrane). Of course, this has to occur in a highly controlled manner, for example, using protein channels that (either as uni ...
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae– the main
... thermal conductivity. Continuous fermentation systems found limited application in the brewing industry mainly due to its lack of flexibility and the serious consequences of break-down or microbial contamination (Boulton & Quain, 2006; Inoue & Mizuno, 2008). Pilot-scale studies on a 20-L reactor sys ...
... thermal conductivity. Continuous fermentation systems found limited application in the brewing industry mainly due to its lack of flexibility and the serious consequences of break-down or microbial contamination (Boulton & Quain, 2006; Inoue & Mizuno, 2008). Pilot-scale studies on a 20-L reactor sys ...
Flux analysis in central carbon metabolism in plants
... microorganisms and mammalian cells. This is principally because plant biochemistry is more complex, and exhibits extensive subcellular compartmentation. This research concentrated on improvements in 13C labeling-based flux analysis methods, particularly oriented toward application to plants; and on ...
... microorganisms and mammalian cells. This is principally because plant biochemistry is more complex, and exhibits extensive subcellular compartmentation. This research concentrated on improvements in 13C labeling-based flux analysis methods, particularly oriented toward application to plants; and on ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑