Contents - Elsevier
... In all of these the polypeptide is folded nearly identically. The structures of the homologous cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase are also similar,9–11 as are those of the bacterial enzyme.12,13 All of these proteins consist of two structural domains and the NAD+ is bound ...
... In all of these the polypeptide is folded nearly identically. The structures of the homologous cytosolic and mitochondrial isoenzymes of malate dehydrogenase are also similar,9–11 as are those of the bacterial enzyme.12,13 All of these proteins consist of two structural domains and the NAD+ is bound ...
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
... As stated above, our choice for the additional constraint is arbitrary. However, depending on what criterion is chosen, different substrate concentrations result. These different concentration pairs are equally valid in that they are all optimal in some way, and they all yield the same enzyme activi ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF
... Keywords: Molecular docking; DFT; Acetyl Coenzyme A and succinyl Coenzyme A Introduction The citric acid or the Krebs cycle, [1] comprises a series of chemical reactions utilized by all aerobic organisms to generate its energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and pro ...
... Keywords: Molecular docking; DFT; Acetyl Coenzyme A and succinyl Coenzyme A Introduction The citric acid or the Krebs cycle, [1] comprises a series of chemical reactions utilized by all aerobic organisms to generate its energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and pro ...
IMPLICATION OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS IN GLUCOSE-INDUCED INSULIN SECRETION IN THE PANCREATIC -CELL
... Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, the result of either the failure of insulin production, or a combined defect in insulin production and action. This leads to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, which ...
... Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by uncontrolled hyperglycemia, the result of either the failure of insulin production, or a combined defect in insulin production and action. This leads to the dysregulation of glucose metabolism. Concurrent with the spread of the western lifestyle, which ...
Methylobacterium extorquens AM1
... activities compared to their levels under pure methanol or succinate conditions suggests the presence of a dedicated metabolism adapted to mixotrophic conditions. However, no information on cell growth or substrate utilization during the incubation with both substrates was included in this earlier s ...
... activities compared to their levels under pure methanol or succinate conditions suggests the presence of a dedicated metabolism adapted to mixotrophic conditions. However, no information on cell growth or substrate utilization during the incubation with both substrates was included in this earlier s ...
FORMATTED - revised ENZYMology
... “organized ferments” (cellular) and “unorganized ferments” (soluble). Kuhne ( 1878) used the term enzyme to distinguish this unorganized ferments. In Greek enzyme means ‘in yeast’. Concrete evidence for this assumption was provided by Buchner in 1897. He showed the production of alcohols from sugars ...
... “organized ferments” (cellular) and “unorganized ferments” (soluble). Kuhne ( 1878) used the term enzyme to distinguish this unorganized ferments. In Greek enzyme means ‘in yeast’. Concrete evidence for this assumption was provided by Buchner in 1897. He showed the production of alcohols from sugars ...
Solution Report - Delhi Academy of Medical Sciences
... Which of the following facts about gastric lavage are true ? a. Gastric lavage must be undertaken irrespective of the fact whether the patient has ingested a toxic or a non-toxic agent b. Endotracheal intubation must be done prior to gastric lavage in a comatosed patient c. The length of the tube to ...
... Which of the following facts about gastric lavage are true ? a. Gastric lavage must be undertaken irrespective of the fact whether the patient has ingested a toxic or a non-toxic agent b. Endotracheal intubation must be done prior to gastric lavage in a comatosed patient c. The length of the tube to ...
The Endogenous Citric Acid-Cycle Intermediates and Amino Acids
... Department of Biochemi8try, Univeraity of Oxford (Received 3 Auguqt 1961) It is well known that mitochondria isolated from a variety of animal tissues absorb oxygen when incubated without added substrate (e.g. Minnaert, 1960). Since a large proportion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are foun ...
... Department of Biochemi8try, Univeraity of Oxford (Received 3 Auguqt 1961) It is well known that mitochondria isolated from a variety of animal tissues absorb oxygen when incubated without added substrate (e.g. Minnaert, 1960). Since a large proportion of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are foun ...
Chapter 2 Immobilization of Enzymes
... ordinary methods of organic chemistry. This makes them very interesting for biotechnological use. At the beginning of the twentieth century, enzymes were shown to be responsible for fermentation processes and their structure and chemical composition started to come under scrutiny [2]. The resulting ...
... ordinary methods of organic chemistry. This makes them very interesting for biotechnological use. At the beginning of the twentieth century, enzymes were shown to be responsible for fermentation processes and their structure and chemical composition started to come under scrutiny [2]. The resulting ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
... Subtilisin: externals very different from mammalian serine proteases; triad same ...
Document
... One of the most widely occuring steroids, was first isolated in 1770. Contains 8 chiral C atoms, this means that 28 or 256 stereoisomers are possible, but only one of them is cholesterol. ...
... One of the most widely occuring steroids, was first isolated in 1770. Contains 8 chiral C atoms, this means that 28 or 256 stereoisomers are possible, but only one of them is cholesterol. ...
Lactic acidosis - Medical School
... den-Meyerhof pathway) (Fig. 1). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, and its pace is controlled by the activities of three functionally unidirectional enzymes that catalyze rate-limiting, nonequilibrium steps in an irreversible mode: hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK ...
... den-Meyerhof pathway) (Fig. 1). Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, and its pace is controlled by the activities of three functionally unidirectional enzymes that catalyze rate-limiting, nonequilibrium steps in an irreversible mode: hexokinase (HK), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK), and pyruvate kinase (PK ...
anaerobic digestion fundamentals
... Non ionic form of acetate is able to pass through the membrane. At low pH (<5) the non ionic form is prevalent. This could cause an overload of acetic acid inside the cell. At higher pH value (>8) acetic acid is in his ionic form, and it is unable to pass the membrane causing an accumulation outside ...
... Non ionic form of acetate is able to pass through the membrane. At low pH (<5) the non ionic form is prevalent. This could cause an overload of acetic acid inside the cell. At higher pH value (>8) acetic acid is in his ionic form, and it is unable to pass the membrane causing an accumulation outside ...
Milk production and energy metabolism in ruminants fed 2
... gross energy, 1.3 kg protein, 50 g calcium, and 40 g phosphorus. As one might expect, this abrupt shift to the lactational state requires major changes in her metabolism - changes that are complex and closely regulated. The mammary gland becomes the focal point of the body, and nutrients are partiti ...
... gross energy, 1.3 kg protein, 50 g calcium, and 40 g phosphorus. As one might expect, this abrupt shift to the lactational state requires major changes in her metabolism - changes that are complex and closely regulated. The mammary gland becomes the focal point of the body, and nutrients are partiti ...
Jeopardy
... that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle that can be used to make ...
... that conserve most of the energy from the citric acid cycle that can be used to make ...
13 Aldehydes and Ketones
... RNA, adenine and guanine, were synthesized in the laboratory from simple molecules and energy sources thought to be present on early earth. In 1995 researchers discovered that, by adding the carbonyl-group-containing molecule urea to their mixture, they could make large amounts of two other componen ...
... RNA, adenine and guanine, were synthesized in the laboratory from simple molecules and energy sources thought to be present on early earth. In 1995 researchers discovered that, by adding the carbonyl-group-containing molecule urea to their mixture, they could make large amounts of two other componen ...
Evidence of separate pathways for lactate uptake and release by the
... compartmentalized, consisting of separate pathways for glycolytic production of lactate and uptake of exogenous lactate. Specifically, we reasoned that if lactate efflux reflects glycolysis in the same cells that are oxidizing lactate, the addition of another oxidizable substrate such as fatty acids ...
... compartmentalized, consisting of separate pathways for glycolytic production of lactate and uptake of exogenous lactate. Specifically, we reasoned that if lactate efflux reflects glycolysis in the same cells that are oxidizing lactate, the addition of another oxidizable substrate such as fatty acids ...
Regulation of Ketone Body Metabolism and the Role of PPAR
... in the systemic metabolism during fasting is triggered by glucagon and involves the mobilization of lipids stored in adipose tissue and break down of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol [1,2]. These two components are subsequently catabolized in liver: fatty acids undergo β-oxidation to p ...
... in the systemic metabolism during fasting is triggered by glucagon and involves the mobilization of lipids stored in adipose tissue and break down of triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol [1,2]. These two components are subsequently catabolized in liver: fatty acids undergo β-oxidation to p ...
Recent Advances in Second Generation Ethanol Production by
... including hexoses, pentoses, galactouronic sugars, and other sugar derivatives [7]. As such, second generation bioethanol production requires extensive and costly chemical or physical pretreatment in addition to enzymatic treatment processes which negatively influences its industrial feasability and ...
... including hexoses, pentoses, galactouronic sugars, and other sugar derivatives [7]. As such, second generation bioethanol production requires extensive and costly chemical or physical pretreatment in addition to enzymatic treatment processes which negatively influences its industrial feasability and ...
Ammonia, urea production and pH regulation
... activity [39], although its role as a short-term regulator of overall flux through the urea cycle has been disputed [40]. An intraperitoneal injection of a complete amino acid mixture causes rapid activation of ureagenesis. N-Acetylglutamate increases fivefold, causing a fivefold increase in the act ...
... activity [39], although its role as a short-term regulator of overall flux through the urea cycle has been disputed [40]. An intraperitoneal injection of a complete amino acid mixture causes rapid activation of ureagenesis. N-Acetylglutamate increases fivefold, causing a fivefold increase in the act ...
Enzymes - دانشکده پزشکی
... Some important characteristics of enzymes -Potent (high catalytic power) High reaction rates They increase the rate of reaction by a factor of 103-1012 -Efficient (high efficiency) catalytic efficiency is represented by Turnover number: moles of substrate converted to product per second per mole o ...
... Some important characteristics of enzymes -Potent (high catalytic power) High reaction rates They increase the rate of reaction by a factor of 103-1012 -Efficient (high efficiency) catalytic efficiency is represented by Turnover number: moles of substrate converted to product per second per mole o ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑