THE METABOLISM OF KETONE BODIES
... the brain. Note the important times at which the brain switches from: • Glucose derived from liver glycogenolysis to glucose derived from gluconeogenesis (~12 hours) • Glucose derived from gluconeogenesis to ketones derived from fatty acids (~1 week) • In the brain, when ketones are metabolized to a ...
... the brain. Note the important times at which the brain switches from: • Glucose derived from liver glycogenolysis to glucose derived from gluconeogenesis (~12 hours) • Glucose derived from gluconeogenesis to ketones derived from fatty acids (~1 week) • In the brain, when ketones are metabolized to a ...
1-2 (Weigent)
... through the actions of phosphatase to release glucose (in the liver) and inhibits the hexokinase. b. It particularly becomes a player when you are hungry, starving or fasting. In between meals glucagon levels will begin to rise and begin to draw upon those reserves. He thinks that glucagon is import ...
... through the actions of phosphatase to release glucose (in the liver) and inhibits the hexokinase. b. It particularly becomes a player when you are hungry, starving or fasting. In between meals glucagon levels will begin to rise and begin to draw upon those reserves. He thinks that glucagon is import ...
Topic Three Chemistry of Life - MrsGorukhomework
... a) starch – storage for plants, made up of glucose monomers is bulky but plants don’t move, is a carbohydrate bank, can draw out when needed b) glycogen – storage for animals, glucose monomers, hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose for energy, not very soluble, stored in liver and muscle cells gly ...
... a) starch – storage for plants, made up of glucose monomers is bulky but plants don’t move, is a carbohydrate bank, can draw out when needed b) glycogen – storage for animals, glucose monomers, hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose for energy, not very soluble, stored in liver and muscle cells gly ...
Chapter 20 Lipid Biosynthesis
... reactions produces palmitoyl-ACP, which will be hydrolyzed to release a free palmitate. The flexible 4`-phosphopantetheine group covalently attached to ACP is believed to act as a switch arm to move the intermediates from one active site to the next on the enzyme complex (i.e., the substrates are ...
... reactions produces palmitoyl-ACP, which will be hydrolyzed to release a free palmitate. The flexible 4`-phosphopantetheine group covalently attached to ACP is believed to act as a switch arm to move the intermediates from one active site to the next on the enzyme complex (i.e., the substrates are ...
"Fermentation Pathways". In: Microbial Physiology (Fourth Edition)
... bovine muscle (LDH-A) into S. cerevisiae engenders the production of lactic acid at levels rivaling those achieved by lactic acid bacteria. In cell-free yeast extracts the addition of Pi results in a marked increase in the fermentation rate. The rate eventually subsides to that of the control withou ...
... bovine muscle (LDH-A) into S. cerevisiae engenders the production of lactic acid at levels rivaling those achieved by lactic acid bacteria. In cell-free yeast extracts the addition of Pi results in a marked increase in the fermentation rate. The rate eventually subsides to that of the control withou ...
CHAPTER 6
... • Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the same product are not the same enzymatic reactions • Some steps may be common to both, others must be different - to ensure that each pathway is spontaneous • This also allows regulation mechanisms to turn one pathway on and the other off ...
... • Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the same product are not the same enzymatic reactions • Some steps may be common to both, others must be different - to ensure that each pathway is spontaneous • This also allows regulation mechanisms to turn one pathway on and the other off ...
Bio_130_files/Organic chemistry
... – Liver cell: synthesize glycogen after a meal which can be broken down later to maintains blood glucose levels. – Muscle cells: Store glycogen within the muscle at is only used by the muscle cell. ...
... – Liver cell: synthesize glycogen after a meal which can be broken down later to maintains blood glucose levels. – Muscle cells: Store glycogen within the muscle at is only used by the muscle cell. ...
Physio Chap 84 [10-26
... Enzymes that release energy from Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid systems are two to three times as active in fast twitch, thus making the max power that can be achieved for very short periods of time by fast twitch fibers about twice as great as that of slow twitch fibers. Slow twitch are fo ...
... Enzymes that release energy from Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid systems are two to three times as active in fast twitch, thus making the max power that can be achieved for very short periods of time by fast twitch fibers about twice as great as that of slow twitch fibers. Slow twitch are fo ...
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level Of Organization
... recognize the first three as the main components of food, which can be catabolized (broken down via catabolic pathways – see above) for their chemical energy. Thus they too could be considered “high-energy compounds,” though Martini uses this term only in reference to ATP and similar molecules. Let ...
... recognize the first three as the main components of food, which can be catabolized (broken down via catabolic pathways – see above) for their chemical energy. Thus they too could be considered “high-energy compounds,” though Martini uses this term only in reference to ATP and similar molecules. Let ...
chapt05_lecture
... Lactic Acid Pathway, cont 2. Also called anaerobic metabolism or lactic acid fermentation (Similar to how yeast ferments glucose into alcohol) 3. Still yields a net gain of 2 ATP a. Muscle cells can survive for awhile without oxygen by using lactic acid fermentation. b. RBCs can only use lactic aci ...
... Lactic Acid Pathway, cont 2. Also called anaerobic metabolism or lactic acid fermentation (Similar to how yeast ferments glucose into alcohol) 3. Still yields a net gain of 2 ATP a. Muscle cells can survive for awhile without oxygen by using lactic acid fermentation. b. RBCs can only use lactic aci ...
answer key
... B. Give an example of a membrane with a low protein-to-lipid ratio and an example of a membrane with a high protein-to-lipid ratio. Briefly explain why these membranes have such different ratios. Myelin has a low protein-to-lipid ratio because it electrically insulates axons, which doesn't require p ...
... B. Give an example of a membrane with a low protein-to-lipid ratio and an example of a membrane with a high protein-to-lipid ratio. Briefly explain why these membranes have such different ratios. Myelin has a low protein-to-lipid ratio because it electrically insulates axons, which doesn't require p ...
9 How Cells Harvest Energy Concept Outline
... process that releases enough free energy to drive the synthesis of ATP in coupled reactions. This process, called glycolysis, occurs in the cytoplasm and involves a sequence of 10 reactions that convert glucose into 2 threecarbon molecules of pyruvate (figure 9.7). For each molecule of glucose that ...
... process that releases enough free energy to drive the synthesis of ATP in coupled reactions. This process, called glycolysis, occurs in the cytoplasm and involves a sequence of 10 reactions that convert glucose into 2 threecarbon molecules of pyruvate (figure 9.7). For each molecule of glucose that ...
Check Your Knowledge QuestionSet 2(Download)
... Q.4-A given substrate may be acted upon by a number of different enzymes, each of which uses the same substrate(s) and produces the same product(s). The individual members of a set of enzymes sharing such characteristics are known asa)Group specific enzymes b)Isoenzymes c)Substrate specific enzymes ...
... Q.4-A given substrate may be acted upon by a number of different enzymes, each of which uses the same substrate(s) and produces the same product(s). The individual members of a set of enzymes sharing such characteristics are known asa)Group specific enzymes b)Isoenzymes c)Substrate specific enzymes ...
Slide 1
... Basically, the electron transport chain contains three large protein complexes (I, III, and IV) that span (Cross) the inner mitochondrial membrane and one small complex (II) that does not span the membrane but remain bound to the inner side. Complex I- NADH dehydrogenase (electron carrier and proton ...
... Basically, the electron transport chain contains three large protein complexes (I, III, and IV) that span (Cross) the inner mitochondrial membrane and one small complex (II) that does not span the membrane but remain bound to the inner side. Complex I- NADH dehydrogenase (electron carrier and proton ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Cofactor (or coenzyme) = small non-amino acid molecule required for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Often derived from dietary vitamins and minerals. Cofactor can be an organic molecule, metal ion, or organometallic complex. Cofactors can be either: • Cosubstrate = small organic molecule that a ...
... Cofactor (or coenzyme) = small non-amino acid molecule required for the catalytic activity of an enzyme. Often derived from dietary vitamins and minerals. Cofactor can be an organic molecule, metal ion, or organometallic complex. Cofactors can be either: • Cosubstrate = small organic molecule that a ...
Clinical Biochemistry
... and nitrocellulose. Chitin has a similar structure, but has nitrogen-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses, including surgical threads. Polysaccharides also include callose or laminarin, ...
... and nitrocellulose. Chitin has a similar structure, but has nitrogen-containing side branches, increasing its strength. It is found in arthropod exoskeletons and in the cell walls of some fungi. It also has multiple uses, including surgical threads. Polysaccharides also include callose or laminarin, ...
B4 The Processes of Life
... The glucose we need comes from ______ and the oxygen from _________. Water and carbon dioxide are breathed out. The MAIN product of this equation is _________. Respiration happens in _________ in cells. Words – breathing, energy, grow, respiration, food, ...
... The glucose we need comes from ______ and the oxygen from _________. Water and carbon dioxide are breathed out. The MAIN product of this equation is _________. Respiration happens in _________ in cells. Words – breathing, energy, grow, respiration, food, ...
2004-05
... We hope you are familiar with the system of evaluation to be followed for the Bachelor’s Degree Programme. At this stage you may probably like to re-read the section on assignments in the Programme Guide for Elective courses that we sent you after your enrolment. A weightage of 30 per cent, as you a ...
... We hope you are familiar with the system of evaluation to be followed for the Bachelor’s Degree Programme. At this stage you may probably like to re-read the section on assignments in the Programme Guide for Elective courses that we sent you after your enrolment. A weightage of 30 per cent, as you a ...
printed handout sheet
... 1. Physical exercise and low [blood glucose] are important stimuli for adrenalin release, which in turn promotes the release of glucose and free fatty acids into the bloodstream. 2. Short-term mechanisms based on catecholamine messengers and the autonomic nervous system are essential for the metabol ...
... 1. Physical exercise and low [blood glucose] are important stimuli for adrenalin release, which in turn promotes the release of glucose and free fatty acids into the bloodstream. 2. Short-term mechanisms based on catecholamine messengers and the autonomic nervous system are essential for the metabol ...
PDHPE Student Activity Sheet (1.1 MB)
... Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to generate 2-4 seconds worth of high-intensity exercise, therefore ATP must be continuously resynthesised via one of three energy systems. By using equipment from the UNE sports ...
... Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough ATP to generate 2-4 seconds worth of high-intensity exercise, therefore ATP must be continuously resynthesised via one of three energy systems. By using equipment from the UNE sports ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Solution Match the following terms with the descriptions. 1) catabolic reactions 2) coenzymes 3) glycolysis 4) lactate A. 4 produced during anaerobic conditions B. 3 reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate C. 1 metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + ene ...
... Solution Match the following terms with the descriptions. 1) catabolic reactions 2) coenzymes 3) glycolysis 4) lactate A. 4 produced during anaerobic conditions B. 3 reaction series that converts glucose to pyruvate C. 1 metabolic reactions that break down large molecules to smaller molecules + ene ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑