Download PDHPE Student Activity Sheet (1.1 MB)

PDHPE Student Activities
Comes to Life
Energy Systems and
Athlete Performance
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is required to perform any form of muscular contraction. Muscle cells only store enough
ATP to generate 2-4 seconds worth of high-intensity exercise, therefore ATP must be continuously resynthesised via
one of three energy systems. By using equipment from the UNE sports science laboratory, you will be able to identify
the body’s physiological responses to exercise and consider why these changes occur. You will have the opportunity to
participate in a number of tests, including vertical jump performance, maximal aerobic uptake (VO2max), and maximal
power. Each of these tests has been included to assist you in your understanding of the energy systems, see how you stack
up against your friends, whilst also having fun. Following the activities, you will be able to consider how this information
can be used to set training for athletes with the end goal of improving performance.
Activity 1: Vertical jump performance and anaerobic ATP resynthesis
Performances of an athlete during high-intensity exercise are limited by the capacity of the body to resynthesis ATP
quickly and remove waste products. Oxygen is important for the resynthesis of ATP, whilst CO2 is a waste product and
must be removed. This activity is designed to demonstrate how vertical jump performance is affected with fatigue
of the anaerobic energy systems. The person jumping will need to follow instructions from the UNE staff member,
completing repeated vertical jumps over a period of 2 minutes. The goal is to maximise the height of each individual
jump. This is tiring, so make sure you pace yourself accordingly.
IMPORTANT: Let the supervisor know if your heart rate is over 80 beats per minute before you start the jumping, or if
you are feeling unwell during the jumping. You can stop whenever you like.
Before Exercise
After Exercise
Heart Rate
O2 % Saturation
CO2 Concentration (Breath)
O2 Concentration (Breath
Jump #
0
10
Jump Height (cm)
RSI*
Average Power (W) =
Maximum Power (W) =
Reactive Strength Index (RSI)
20
30
40
50
60
70
School of Science
and Technology
SUMMARY TABLE OF THE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Each of the energy systems work together, however the contribution from each depends on the intensity and
duration of the exercise being performed. With an understanding of the particular energy systems, we are able
to set training plans which are specific to athlete needs.
Metabolism
Fuel Source
Alactic (ATP/PC)
Lactic Acid
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Creatine Phosphate (PC)
Anaerobic
ONLY Carbohydrates
(glucose and muscle
glycogen)
16kcal/min
2 ATP
Aerobic
Carbohydrates, fats, or
in some circumstances,
protein
10kcal/min
1 glucose molecule= 36
ATP
Rate of energy production 36kcal/min
ATP produced from 1
1 ATP
molecule of fuel source
Duration
Cause of fatigue
By-products
Recovery
Intensity of effort
Examples
Max. Sprint of 8-10 sec
PC depletion
None
PC replenishment
50% in 30 sec
100% in 2-5 mins
Very high intensity (95100%)
Jumping, throwing, short
sprints
Maximal, 30-60 sec
Up to 3 minutes
depending on relative
intensity
Accumulation of lactate
and hydrogen ions (H+)
Lactate and H+ ions
Removal of lactic acid
with active recovery in
15-30 min
High intensity (85-95%)
400-m run, 100m
swim, repeated sprints/
intervals (team sports)
1 fatty acid molecule=
130 ATP
Maximal, 3-7 min
Unlimited depending on
intensity
Glycogen depletion
Change in pH affecting
metabolic enzymes
Carbon dioxide & water
Depends on glycogen
depletion; up to 48 hours
Low intensity <VO2max*
5-km run, 1500-m swim,
marathon
*VO2max refers to the maximal volume of oxygen that can be used by the body in 1 minute
Question: Given the evidence, which energy systems would have been dominant throughout the 2 minute
jump activity? Would the contribution of each energy system have been consistent throughout the activity,
or would this change throughout?
How did your best vertical jump score compare to the Number 1 Draft Athlete in the 2012 National Hockey
League (NHL) who achieved a jump height of 83 cm?
Activity 2: Maximal Oxygen Uptake Testing (VO2max)
The VO2max test is generally considered the best indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness, and is conducted by
analysing the air inhaled and exhaled during an incremental exercise test to fatigue. The underlying principle
behind the VO2max test is that almost every process in the human body is dependent on the availability of
oxygen (O2) for muscle cells, and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) to control the pH of blood.
Whilst your class member is completing the VO2max test, it is important for you to complete the table provided
below, and consider the contribution of each energy system to ATP production at that point in time.
TIME (min)
SPEED/BEEP
WATTS
VO2 (mL.
kg.min)
CO2 %
H.R.
CHO %
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
Question: What does the VO2max represent?
Question: What is the major limitation of the aerobic energy system? Complete the following table and
consider why there is a shift from aerobic ATP resynthesis to anaerobic ATP resynthesis during the later stages
of the VO2max test?
Anaerobic Energy Systems
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
Aerobic Energy Systems
Physiological Adaptations in Response to Training:
Endurance based training has previously demonstrated an improvement in VO2max performance of 20-30%.
The below table identifies the physiological adaptations in response to training which may improve an athletes
VO2max score, and sporting performance.
Heart Rate (HR)
Stroke Volume
Cardiac Output
Adaptation
Decreased resting and submaximal HR
Increased at rest, and in submaximal and
maximal exercise
Increased maximal cardiac output
Oxygen uptake
Increased capillaries, myoglobin and
mitochondria
Increased enzyme activity
Lung Capacity
Increased maximal ventilation (VE)
Haemoglobin
Muscle
Hypertrophy
Muscle Fibres
Increased
Increased size with resistance training
No change in slow twitch percentage
Increased enzymes, ATP, PC and glycogen
stores
Increased motor unit synchronisation
Increased use of fats as an energy source
for muscles
Consequences
Heart works less- is more efficient
More blood available per beat
More blood and oxygen delivered to the
muscles
More oxygen delivered
Muscles can extract more oxygen from
the blood which is then available for ATP
production
Increased oxygen transport and removal of
carbon dioxide
More oxygen carried to the muscles
Increased strength and power
Increased power output before fatigue;
more ATP available at the start of exercise
Greater strength and power
Less glycogen depletion, improved aerobic
performance
INTERESTING FACT:
Training at intensities below the VO2max will contribute to improvements in aerobic ATP production, whilst working
above VO2max will improve anaerobic ATP production.
How do you compare? The highest VO2max ever recorded was 92mL/kg/min.
INTERESTING FACT:
The goal of endurance trained athletes is to perform for as long as possible using the aerobic system. By using fat as
an energy source, this allows them to perform without the accumulation of lactic acid, and also helps to save muscle
glycogen levels for later in the race.
Activity 3: Wingate Testing
The Wingate test is a 30-second all out sprint, identifying the power and fatigability of an athlete. If you wish
to complete the 30-second exercise test, you must complete the Adult Pre-Exercise Screening Tool. During
the test, your job is to cycle or run as fast as possible for the allotted 30 second period. Following the test, use
the data provided to complete the tables below and assess how you match up against your classmates and/
or teacher!
BIKE PERFORMANCE
Time:
0-5 s
6-10 s
11-15 s
16-20 s
21-25 s
26-30 s
Avg. Power:
PERFORMANCE SUMMARY
Bike:
Power Peak (W)
Power Peak/Weight (W/kg)*
Power Average (W)
Fatigue Factor (%)
Power/mass (W/kg)
Split 1
Split 2
Split 3
Total Distance
Running:
m/s
m/s
m/s
m
*Power peak/weight (W/kg) = Power peak divided by weight
Question: What happened to your power output as the test progressed? Can you explain this?
Question: how might this test be used or adapted to train for team sports, consisting of repeated sprints?
How do you compare? In the 2012 draft for the National Hockey League (NHL) in America the number 1
draft athlete achieved a peak power output of 15.6 watts/kg with a fatigue factor of only 32%.
Power (Watts)/Velocity (m/s)
Graph: Power output vs. time
Time (Seconds)
Question: how might an athlete train to improve their Wingate test performance if they didn’t have a bike?
INTERESTING FACT:
Usain Bolt recorded the fastest running speed ever during the 2009 World Championships 100m sprint. He
reached a velocity of 12.4 m/s (approx. 45km/h) between the 60th and 80th meter.
Glossary
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - energy source for all muscular contractions in the human
body. Without ATP, we cannot live, let alone exercise!
Cell - the human body is made up of millions of cells. ATP production starts in the cells.
Once ATP is produced in the cell, muscles can use it to fuel contractions for exercise.
Carbohydrates - the only fuel for ATP production during high-intensity (anaerobic) exercise.
Examples of carbohydrates used for ATP production include glucose and glycogen:
Glucose/Glycogen ➞ 2 Lactic Acid + Carbon Dioxide + 2 ATP
Anaerobic ATP production - must occur during high intensity exercise when aerobic
ATP production cannot keep up with the ATP demands of the muscles. The ATP/PC and
glycolytic pathways are both anaerobic, occurring without oxygen.
Rate of ATP production - increases with increasing exercise intensity.
Lactic acid - product of anaerobic ATP production, causing performance to decline due to
a change in the pH of blood.
Aerobic ATP production - occurs more slowly than anaerobic, but can be sustained for
long periods.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - produced during the breakdown of carbohydrates to ATP.
Higher carbon dioxide concentration of expired air means that ATP is being produced
anaerobically.
Waste product - produced during ATP production, and has a negative effect on athlete
performance. Examples include carbon dioxide and lactic acid.
SOURCE: Buchanan, D., O’Connor, D., McLean, J. & Ingram, K. (2009) Peak Performance 2: HSC PDHPE, South Yarra, MacMillan Education
Australia.
School of Science
and Technology
Produced by Marketing and Public Affairs UNE, April 2016.
Information correct at time of printing. CRICOS Provider No. 00003G.