CHAP NUM="9" ID="CH
... harnessed efficiently for constructive work. For example, if a gasoline tank explodes, it cannot drive a car very far. Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single explosive step either. Rather, glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each one catalyzed by ...
... harnessed efficiently for constructive work. For example, if a gasoline tank explodes, it cannot drive a car very far. Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single explosive step either. Rather, glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in a series of steps, each one catalyzed by ...
Protein synthesis in the Liver and the Urea Cycle
... forward – because they represent the ‘low energy’ i.e. ATP or GTP have been ‘used’ by the cell so in order to reconstitute them substrate for the citric acid cycle is generated and ATP is replenished. When ATP concentration is high then glutamate is formed and because it is an amino acid, it is avai ...
... forward – because they represent the ‘low energy’ i.e. ATP or GTP have been ‘used’ by the cell so in order to reconstitute them substrate for the citric acid cycle is generated and ATP is replenished. When ATP concentration is high then glutamate is formed and because it is an amino acid, it is avai ...
25,8 Ketone bodies
... Under certain circumstances,body cells do not have enough glucose even for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell ...
... Under certain circumstances,body cells do not have enough glucose even for brain cells to use as an energysource.This happens most often in starvation or in untreated diabetes.In starvation, no supply of glucose is available; in diabetes, glucose is present in the blood, but it cannot penetrate cell ...
TLKBio260Exam1Review
... 1. Define metabolism and describe the difference between anabolism and catabolism. 2. Define enzymes and their characteristics. 4. Understand the factors that influence enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. 5. What are cofactors? What are coenzymes? 6. Understand ...
... 1. Define metabolism and describe the difference between anabolism and catabolism. 2. Define enzymes and their characteristics. 4. Understand the factors that influence enzyme activity: temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors. 5. What are cofactors? What are coenzymes? 6. Understand ...
Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
... Monosaccharides – single sugar that is simple, containing as few as three carbon atoms, but when they play a central role in energy storage, they contain six carbons C6H12O6 is not only the chemical formula for glucose, but for both structural isomers and stereoisomers Disaccharides (two linked mono ...
... Monosaccharides – single sugar that is simple, containing as few as three carbon atoms, but when they play a central role in energy storage, they contain six carbons C6H12O6 is not only the chemical formula for glucose, but for both structural isomers and stereoisomers Disaccharides (two linked mono ...
The Process of Cellular Respiration
... 4 electrons, now in a high-energy state, and passes them to an electron carrier called NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Like NADP+ in photosynthesis, each NAD+ molecule accepts a pair of high-energy electrons. This molecule, now known as NADH, holds the electrons until they can be transfe ...
... 4 electrons, now in a high-energy state, and passes them to an electron carrier called NAD+, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Like NADP+ in photosynthesis, each NAD+ molecule accepts a pair of high-energy electrons. This molecule, now known as NADH, holds the electrons until they can be transfe ...
Document
... cellular respiration- oxygen consumed as a reactant along with glucose know byproducts. Redox reaction- oxidation , reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent Fig. 9.4 Electron carriers- NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons to form NADH “currency in the form of a check”) Fig. 9.5 An introduction to the ...
... cellular respiration- oxygen consumed as a reactant along with glucose know byproducts. Redox reaction- oxidation , reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent Fig. 9.4 Electron carriers- NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons to form NADH “currency in the form of a check”) Fig. 9.5 An introduction to the ...
Document
... and oxidative phosphorylation • In some special cases, the coupling of the two processes can be disrupted. • Large amounts of O2 are consumed but no ATP is produced. • Used by newborn animals and hibernating mammals. • Occurs in ‘brown fat’- dark color due to high levels of mitochondria which contai ...
... and oxidative phosphorylation • In some special cases, the coupling of the two processes can be disrupted. • Large amounts of O2 are consumed but no ATP is produced. • Used by newborn animals and hibernating mammals. • Occurs in ‘brown fat’- dark color due to high levels of mitochondria which contai ...
Preview as PDF - Pearson Higher Education
... increase their production of ATP and heat. This baby can’t do any of those things yet. Instead, along her back she has a layer of a special kind of “baby fat,” called brown fat, that helps keep her warm. The cells of brown fat have a “short circuit” in their cellular respiration—they consume oxygen ...
... increase their production of ATP and heat. This baby can’t do any of those things yet. Instead, along her back she has a layer of a special kind of “baby fat,” called brown fat, that helps keep her warm. The cells of brown fat have a “short circuit” in their cellular respiration—they consume oxygen ...
phosphorylase glucose-1
... these are called the controlled variables. What were the controlled variables in the last ...
... these are called the controlled variables. What were the controlled variables in the last ...
Unit 1 - Calderglen High School
... removed along with the intron(s) next to them. [All the introns are always removed from the primary RNA transcript]. This is called alternative RNA splicing. This means that the same primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several different mRNA molecules. Each mRNA molecule will have a ...
... removed along with the intron(s) next to them. [All the introns are always removed from the primary RNA transcript]. This is called alternative RNA splicing. This means that the same primary mRNA transcript has the potential to produce several different mRNA molecules. Each mRNA molecule will have a ...
AP Review
... 1) Light reaction (AKA light harvesting reaction, light dependent reaction) 2) Calvin cycle (AKA dark reaction, carbon fixation reaction) ...
... 1) Light reaction (AKA light harvesting reaction, light dependent reaction) 2) Calvin cycle (AKA dark reaction, carbon fixation reaction) ...
AA lecture 2 urea cycle
... H20 + aa + NAD+ -keto acid + NH4+ + NADH + H+ and H20 + fumarate + aa + NAD+ aspartate + -keto acid + NADH + H+ then aspartate + NH4+ + HCO3- + 3 ATP urea + fumarate + 2 H20 + 2 ADP + AMP + 4 Pi + H+ Four high energy phosphate bond equivalents are used for these reactions (- 4 ~P). Two NADH ...
... H20 + aa + NAD+ -keto acid + NH4+ + NADH + H+ and H20 + fumarate + aa + NAD+ aspartate + -keto acid + NADH + H+ then aspartate + NH4+ + HCO3- + 3 ATP urea + fumarate + 2 H20 + 2 ADP + AMP + 4 Pi + H+ Four high energy phosphate bond equivalents are used for these reactions (- 4 ~P). Two NADH ...
Nucleotides
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
... • Energy transduction: ATP for muscle contraction and ion transport. • Control reactions: GDP GTP of G-proteins. • Control of metabolism: cAMP, ADP/ATP ratio, enzyme phosphorylation. • Constituents of other small molecules: NADH, FAD, CoA, etc. ...
03-232 Exam III 2013 Name:__________________________
... Choice A: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from carbohydrates (.e.g. glucose) in metabolism. Choice B: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from triglycerides in metabolism. Choice C: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from amino acids, such as alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, in metabolism. ...
... Choice A: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from carbohydrates (.e.g. glucose) in metabolism. Choice B: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from triglycerides in metabolism. Choice C: Outline the flow of carbon atoms from amino acids, such as alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, in metabolism. ...
Mechanistic model of cardiac energy metabolism predicts
... concentrations of these metabolites in the cytosol and mitochondria when studying mechanisms controlling glycolysis and lactate metabolism from normal to ischemic conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that key glycolytic enzymes are bound together in specific intracellular structures to form ...
... concentrations of these metabolites in the cytosol and mitochondria when studying mechanisms controlling glycolysis and lactate metabolism from normal to ischemic conditions. Furthermore, it has been observed that key glycolytic enzymes are bound together in specific intracellular structures to form ...
Photosynthesis
... wasteful process. In C4 plants photorespiration does not occur. This is because they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO 2 at the enzyme site. This takes place when the C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle cells to release CO2 – this results in increasing the i ...
... wasteful process. In C4 plants photorespiration does not occur. This is because they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO 2 at the enzyme site. This takes place when the C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle cells to release CO2 – this results in increasing the i ...
Practice Exam III
... a). The enzyme lowers the activation energy of the rate-limiting step of the reaction. b). The reaction order changes from 1st order to 2nd order with respect to [E]. c). The efficiency of catalysis increases. d). All of the active sites of the enzyme are saturated with S at high [S]. e). The enzyme ...
... a). The enzyme lowers the activation energy of the rate-limiting step of the reaction. b). The reaction order changes from 1st order to 2nd order with respect to [E]. c). The efficiency of catalysis increases. d). All of the active sites of the enzyme are saturated with S at high [S]. e). The enzyme ...
Cell Respiration
... Strictly speaking cell respiration only includes steps 2 & 3 however the so many cells use the products of glycolysis to feed the Citric acid cycle, glycolysis is often included loosely in cell respiration The ETC and chemiosmosis takes place in plasma membrane of bacteria ...
... Strictly speaking cell respiration only includes steps 2 & 3 however the so many cells use the products of glycolysis to feed the Citric acid cycle, glycolysis is often included loosely in cell respiration The ETC and chemiosmosis takes place in plasma membrane of bacteria ...
NAME_________________ 1 BIO 451 14
... B. Why did the athlete mentioned above feel that he was fortunate not to be ADO-deficient, rather than lacking in muscle AMPD? XII. [10 points] A. (6 points) Describe the regulatory roles of Egl-1 and Ced-9 in the apoptotic pathway. Your answer must demonstrate an understanding of the apoptotic path ...
... B. Why did the athlete mentioned above feel that he was fortunate not to be ADO-deficient, rather than lacking in muscle AMPD? XII. [10 points] A. (6 points) Describe the regulatory roles of Egl-1 and Ced-9 in the apoptotic pathway. Your answer must demonstrate an understanding of the apoptotic path ...
hyde school: unit plan - science-b
... Describe the major consequences of photorespiration. Explain why it is thought to be an evolutionary relict. ...
... Describe the major consequences of photorespiration. Explain why it is thought to be an evolutionary relict. ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway - Berkeley MCB
... ◦ Cofactors in enzymes ● Where do we get them? Diet and from glucose (and other sugars) via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. ● Is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway just about making ribose sugars from glucose? (1) Important for biosynthetic pathways using NADPH, and (2) a high cytosolic reducing potential ...
... ◦ Cofactors in enzymes ● Where do we get them? Diet and from glucose (and other sugars) via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. ● Is the Pentose Phosphate Pathway just about making ribose sugars from glucose? (1) Important for biosynthetic pathways using NADPH, and (2) a high cytosolic reducing potential ...
26_Test
... Each passage through the four reactions of beta-oxidation removes two carbons from the fatty acetylCo-A by converting them into the two carbon unit acetyl-CoA. Six cycles are required which results in the formation of 7 acetyl-CoA’s. ...
... Each passage through the four reactions of beta-oxidation removes two carbons from the fatty acetylCo-A by converting them into the two carbon unit acetyl-CoA. Six cycles are required which results in the formation of 7 acetyl-CoA’s. ...
LECTURE TEST PACKET #3
... - NO bacterial growth occurs in frozen solid conditions, but frozen conditions usually don’t kill many bacteria; instead, in cold, bacteria are in a state of suspended animation - psychrophiles can exist in cold environments because they have high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in their p ...
... - NO bacterial growth occurs in frozen solid conditions, but frozen conditions usually don’t kill many bacteria; instead, in cold, bacteria are in a state of suspended animation - psychrophiles can exist in cold environments because they have high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in their p ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
... growth in cooked meat medium (Lab-m Ltd, Ford Lane, Salford), and result profile in API 20A (API Ltd, Farnborough, Hants; Hauser and Zabransky, 1976). Additional tests used for P. anaerobius were sensitivityto novobiocin (Wren, Eldon and Dakin, 1977)and liquoid (Wideman ef al., 1976); API 20A was no ...
... growth in cooked meat medium (Lab-m Ltd, Ford Lane, Salford), and result profile in API 20A (API Ltd, Farnborough, Hants; Hauser and Zabransky, 1976). Additional tests used for P. anaerobius were sensitivityto novobiocin (Wren, Eldon and Dakin, 1977)and liquoid (Wideman ef al., 1976); API 20A was no ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑