Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies
... fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with starvation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited and malonyl-CoA decreases releasing the inhibition of CPT-I and ...
... fatty acids enter the liver cell in low concentrations and are nearly all esterified to acylglycerols and transported out as VLDL. Starvation: Free fatty acid concentration increases with starvation, acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inhibited and malonyl-CoA decreases releasing the inhibition of CPT-I and ...
Building Monomers of Macromolecules
... sugars. All of these molecules are made of Carbon. Carbon containing compounds are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Therefore, living things are composed of organic compounds. During this lab activity, you will be exploring the structure of these compounds. This will involv ...
... sugars. All of these molecules are made of Carbon. Carbon containing compounds are called organic. Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Therefore, living things are composed of organic compounds. During this lab activity, you will be exploring the structure of these compounds. This will involv ...
cellular respiration
... Which step shows the splitting of a 6-C compound into two 3-C compounds?_________________________________________________ ...
... Which step shows the splitting of a 6-C compound into two 3-C compounds?_________________________________________________ ...
Title: Characterization of Muscle Glycogen Storage and Utilization
... muscle is a mobilization of energy stored within muscle. This energy is mobilized from long chains of glucose molecules (glycogen) and converted to ATP by the glycolytic pathway. In the absence of oxygen, a by-product of the glycolytic pathway – lactic acid – begins to build up in muscle cells and c ...
... muscle is a mobilization of energy stored within muscle. This energy is mobilized from long chains of glucose molecules (glycogen) and converted to ATP by the glycolytic pathway. In the absence of oxygen, a by-product of the glycolytic pathway – lactic acid – begins to build up in muscle cells and c ...
Biochem Molecules Presentation
... Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? ...
... Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? ...
What is the number of ATP made by Kreb`s cycle alone
... Name the three cytochrome proteins in ETC where protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. ANSWER: FMN, coenzymeQ, coenzyme a/a3 What is the term for the making of ATP via electron transport? ANSWER: oxidative phosphorylation ...
... Name the three cytochrome proteins in ETC where protons are pumped into the intermembrane space. ANSWER: FMN, coenzymeQ, coenzyme a/a3 What is the term for the making of ATP via electron transport? ANSWER: oxidative phosphorylation ...
Ch 30 reading guide
... 15. Which two four-carbon amino acids can be converted into oxaloacetate for catabolism? 16. Name four amino acid with 5-carbon backbones that can be transformed into glutamate. Glutamate can be catabolized to the citric acid cycle intermediate __________________ through transamination. 17. Like odd ...
... 15. Which two four-carbon amino acids can be converted into oxaloacetate for catabolism? 16. Name four amino acid with 5-carbon backbones that can be transformed into glutamate. Glutamate can be catabolized to the citric acid cycle intermediate __________________ through transamination. 17. Like odd ...
Biochemistry Quiz
... (c) They all contain four interlocking rings. (d) They all are important as energy storage molecules. (e) None of the answers is correct. ...
... (c) They all contain four interlocking rings. (d) They all are important as energy storage molecules. (e) None of the answers is correct. ...
II. Beta oxidation of fatty acid
... _B__48. Net ATP molecules generated in the oxidation of one glucosyl residue in glycogen to two moles of lactate in an exercising muscle: A. four B. three C. two D. one _C__49. Anoxic skeletal muscle derives energy from: A. Kreb’s citric acid cycle C. Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis B. Pentose ...
... _B__48. Net ATP molecules generated in the oxidation of one glucosyl residue in glycogen to two moles of lactate in an exercising muscle: A. four B. three C. two D. one _C__49. Anoxic skeletal muscle derives energy from: A. Kreb’s citric acid cycle C. Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis B. Pentose ...
Name: Correctly complete the following statements with a term that
... (c) They all contain four interlocking rings. (d) They all are important as energy storage molecules. (e) None of the answers is correct. ...
... (c) They all contain four interlocking rings. (d) They all are important as energy storage molecules. (e) None of the answers is correct. ...
File - western undergrad. by the students, for the students.
... All cells are enclosed by a membrane composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Eucaryotic cells also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or org ...
... All cells are enclosed by a membrane composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Eucaryotic cells also have internal membranes that divide the cell into different compartments (Fig 11-3, p.366). Biological membranes have several important functions: 1. They separate the contents of a cell or org ...
Lecture #11 – 9/28 – Dr. Hirsh
... This reduces CO2 fixation; depends upon relative concentration of each molecule. Air O2 = 20%; CO2 = 0.036% This reaction is a problem at high temperature, low moisture; gas exchange is limited at the leaf by stomatal closing. Rubisco must be very selective binding CO2 versus O2 If we don’t have fre ...
... This reduces CO2 fixation; depends upon relative concentration of each molecule. Air O2 = 20%; CO2 = 0.036% This reaction is a problem at high temperature, low moisture; gas exchange is limited at the leaf by stomatal closing. Rubisco must be very selective binding CO2 versus O2 If we don’t have fre ...
Biology * Introduction to Organic Chemistry
... A hydroxyl group consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol, shown in the table, and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols. ...
... A hydroxyl group consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. Ethanol, shown in the table, and other organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups are called alcohols. ...
Lecture 4: Digestion and Nutrient Metabolism
... mechanisms: glycolysis and TCA cycle glycolysis takes place in cytosol, TCA or citric acid cycle) in the mitochondria TCA cycle utilizes a variety of substrates (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, keto acids) for energy gain each turn on the TCA cycle = 15 ATP (w/2 molecules of pyruvate entering, ...
... mechanisms: glycolysis and TCA cycle glycolysis takes place in cytosol, TCA or citric acid cycle) in the mitochondria TCA cycle utilizes a variety of substrates (e.g., amino acids, fatty acids, keto acids) for energy gain each turn on the TCA cycle = 15 ATP (w/2 molecules of pyruvate entering, ...
Unit 3 (ch 6)
... AND STORAGE 6.4 Cells tap energy from electrons transferred from organic fuels to oxygen • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized ...
... AND STORAGE 6.4 Cells tap energy from electrons transferred from organic fuels to oxygen • Glucose gives up energy as it is oxidized ...
Protein mteabolism
... Creatine is present in blood in the free form, while in muscles it is gained phosphate group from ATP by creatine kinase (CK) to give creatine phosphate (creatine ~ p) or called phospho creatine (PCr.) and ATP is converted into ADP. creatine ~ p is the main storage form of energy in muscles and use ...
... Creatine is present in blood in the free form, while in muscles it is gained phosphate group from ATP by creatine kinase (CK) to give creatine phosphate (creatine ~ p) or called phospho creatine (PCr.) and ATP is converted into ADP. creatine ~ p is the main storage form of energy in muscles and use ...
3.2 and 3.3
... A. Adenine - ribose- P ~ P B. When the last phosphate group is released from ATP, ADP is formed. ...
... A. Adenine - ribose- P ~ P B. When the last phosphate group is released from ATP, ADP is formed. ...
4.Lect Carbon skeleton intro
... synthesize glucose and are termed glucogenic. while some are converted to acetylCoA (ketogenic amino acids) these CANNOT be used to synthesize glucose. Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to fatty acids for storage as triglyceride and later oxidation (fed state), or to ketone bodies (made in live ...
... synthesize glucose and are termed glucogenic. while some are converted to acetylCoA (ketogenic amino acids) these CANNOT be used to synthesize glucose. Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to fatty acids for storage as triglyceride and later oxidation (fed state), or to ketone bodies (made in live ...
condensation reaction
... MONOSACCHARIDES • A simple sugar in which C,H,O occur in the ration of (CH20) – Are major nutrients for cells; glucose is the most common – Can be produced by photosynthetic organisms – Store energy in their chemical bonds which is harvested by cell respiration ...
... MONOSACCHARIDES • A simple sugar in which C,H,O occur in the ration of (CH20) – Are major nutrients for cells; glucose is the most common – Can be produced by photosynthetic organisms – Store energy in their chemical bonds which is harvested by cell respiration ...
Final Exam Summer 04
... A. Insulin stimulates Protein Kinase C B. Glucagon stimulates Protein Kinase A C. Calcium partially activates Phosphorylase Kinase D. A proton gradient catalyzes phosphate transfer onto Phosphorylase ...
... A. Insulin stimulates Protein Kinase C B. Glucagon stimulates Protein Kinase A C. Calcium partially activates Phosphorylase Kinase D. A proton gradient catalyzes phosphate transfer onto Phosphorylase ...
Plasma enzyme
... LDH is a hydrogen transfer enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. In the liver, it catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate (L P) with the mediation of NAD as hydrogen acceptor. The reaction is reversible and the reaction equilibrium strongly favors the reverse ...
... LDH is a hydrogen transfer enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate. In the liver, it catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to pyruvate (L P) with the mediation of NAD as hydrogen acceptor. The reaction is reversible and the reaction equilibrium strongly favors the reverse ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑