Assessment Statement
... IB says: Originally, it was assumed that one gene would invariably code for one polypeptide, but many exceptions have been discovered. ...
... IB says: Originally, it was assumed that one gene would invariably code for one polypeptide, but many exceptions have been discovered. ...
Amino Acid Regulation of RNA Synthesis
... • Furthermore, AMP inhibits enzyme [11] which coverts IMP to Adenylo succinate. • By feeding low levels of adenine to an auxotrophic mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum which lacks enzyme [13] (also known as adenineless because it cannot make adenine) IMP is caused to accumulate. • The conversion ...
... • Furthermore, AMP inhibits enzyme [11] which coverts IMP to Adenylo succinate. • By feeding low levels of adenine to an auxotrophic mutant of Corynebacterium glutamicum which lacks enzyme [13] (also known as adenineless because it cannot make adenine) IMP is caused to accumulate. • The conversion ...
pyruvate
... total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a vehicle for transport of NH4+ from muscle to liver (NH4+ is generated through breakdown of aa → ...
... total Ala released > Ala derived from proteins of Alanine (from Muscle) (ii) Liver: Ala → NH4+ + α keto acids NH4+ → urea (iii) As well Glucose → Pyruvate (no N) → Ala (with N) Therefore Ala serves as a vehicle for transport of NH4+ from muscle to liver (NH4+ is generated through breakdown of aa → ...
Slides PPT - The University of Sydney
... genome) with the same promoter and regulatory regions! How is this possible? ...
... genome) with the same promoter and regulatory regions! How is this possible? ...
395
... maltose------glucose and glucose malt sugar must be digested to their smaller units to be absorbed into blood this is hydrolysis…adding water allows the bonds to break between each unit Polysaccharides long chains of simple sugars linked together insoluble, ideal storage molecules, ex. st ...
... maltose------glucose and glucose malt sugar must be digested to their smaller units to be absorbed into blood this is hydrolysis…adding water allows the bonds to break between each unit Polysaccharides long chains of simple sugars linked together insoluble, ideal storage molecules, ex. st ...
1. dia
... orientation will elevate, more molecules will have the activation energy, the sufficient energy for reaction. Velocity is increased at low T when T is increasing. If T increase, then kinetic energy of atoms in molecules will increase, bonds are disrupted leading to denaturation and lowering the volo ...
... orientation will elevate, more molecules will have the activation energy, the sufficient energy for reaction. Velocity is increased at low T when T is increasing. If T increase, then kinetic energy of atoms in molecules will increase, bonds are disrupted leading to denaturation and lowering the volo ...
... - the single strands then act as templates for synthesis of the new strands, which are complimentary in sequence - bases are added one at a time until two new DNA strands that exactly duplicate the original DNA are produced • The process is called semi-conservative replication because one strand of ...
Chapter 19 - Evangel University
... • First, pyruvate loses CO2 and hydroxyethylTPP (HETPP) is formed • In the second step, the active form of ____________ acid is bound to the enzyme, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, by an amide bond to the -amino group of a lysine • The hydroxyethyl group (HE) is oxidized and transferred to a sulfur a ...
... • First, pyruvate loses CO2 and hydroxyethylTPP (HETPP) is formed • In the second step, the active form of ____________ acid is bound to the enzyme, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, by an amide bond to the -amino group of a lysine • The hydroxyethyl group (HE) is oxidized and transferred to a sulfur a ...
Synthesis of Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates Lab
... c. Construct a fatty acid and glue it onto a piece of construction paper (look in the book if you need help figuring out how to put it together) d. When a fat is made, 3 water molecules are also made (this is called a condensation reaction). Make the 3 water molecules by cutting out and gluing toget ...
... c. Construct a fatty acid and glue it onto a piece of construction paper (look in the book if you need help figuring out how to put it together) d. When a fat is made, 3 water molecules are also made (this is called a condensation reaction). Make the 3 water molecules by cutting out and gluing toget ...
Biochemistry - Text of NPTEL IIT Video Lectures
... already seen the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and we will see now how pyruvate actually gets to acetyl coenzyme A that then gets into the tricarboxylic acid cycle which eventually leads to the production of carbon dioxide. And we have already considered the third step where we have electron tran ...
... already seen the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and we will see now how pyruvate actually gets to acetyl coenzyme A that then gets into the tricarboxylic acid cycle which eventually leads to the production of carbon dioxide. And we have already considered the third step where we have electron tran ...
2015
... C) is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose. D) requires the enzyme hexokinase. E) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. Circle the correct answer. 18. [4 points] Fill in the blanks in the following sentences: The product of the enzyme PFK-2 is the molecule ____ ...
... C) is essential in the conversion of fatty acids to glucose. D) requires the enzyme hexokinase. E) can result in the conversion of protein into blood glucose. Circle the correct answer. 18. [4 points] Fill in the blanks in the following sentences: The product of the enzyme PFK-2 is the molecule ____ ...
Glucose homeostasis in the blood (2) – un-storing energy
... In addition to insulin and glucagon, hormones are released from other parts of your digestive system that send signals to the brain regarding the state of energy storage. This is an intricate process involving several organs and signaling systems. We will learn a lot more about these hormones, and h ...
... In addition to insulin and glucagon, hormones are released from other parts of your digestive system that send signals to the brain regarding the state of energy storage. This is an intricate process involving several organs and signaling systems. We will learn a lot more about these hormones, and h ...
Exam 3 Quarter 2 Review Sheet
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
... why they cause a problem. For example, why would DNP be an excellent weight loss drug? 27. It turns out that you need only very small amounts of vitamin B3 (niacin), which is used to make NAD+. The same goes for riboflavin, the vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD. However, you have incredible numbe ...
Dehydration Synthesis
... Animals consume carbohydrates in food, digest them (hydrolysis) and then store the excess sugar by synthesizing glycogen. *Glycogen is a polysaccharide that many animals make to store excess sugar, sometimes referred to as "animal starch". When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen ...
... Animals consume carbohydrates in food, digest them (hydrolysis) and then store the excess sugar by synthesizing glycogen. *Glycogen is a polysaccharide that many animals make to store excess sugar, sometimes referred to as "animal starch". When the level of glucose in your blood runs low, glycogen ...
Document
... • The OF medium of Hugh and Leifson differs carbohydrate fermentation media as follows: • The concentration of agar is decreased to 2% from 3%, making it semisolid in consistency (This assists in the determination the motility of the organism). • The concentration of peptone is decreased from 11% t ...
... • The OF medium of Hugh and Leifson differs carbohydrate fermentation media as follows: • The concentration of agar is decreased to 2% from 3%, making it semisolid in consistency (This assists in the determination the motility of the organism). • The concentration of peptone is decreased from 11% t ...
Alcohol Metabolism
... o gastric emptying and gastric metabolism carbonation ↓ gastric emptying time (more rapid absorption e.g. champagne) o hepatic first pass metabolism Metabolism ethanol metabolism occurs almost entirely in the liver (90-98%) mainly by a pathway involving successive oxidations to produce acetald ...
... o gastric emptying and gastric metabolism carbonation ↓ gastric emptying time (more rapid absorption e.g. champagne) o hepatic first pass metabolism Metabolism ethanol metabolism occurs almost entirely in the liver (90-98%) mainly by a pathway involving successive oxidations to produce acetald ...
PDF
... Conversion of glucose to lactic acid is stoichiometrically equivalent to ethanol formation with respect to ATP formation from substrate-level phosphorylation, redox equivalents and product yield. However, anaerobic growth cannot be sustained in homolactate fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ATP-de ...
... Conversion of glucose to lactic acid is stoichiometrically equivalent to ethanol formation with respect to ATP formation from substrate-level phosphorylation, redox equivalents and product yield. However, anaerobic growth cannot be sustained in homolactate fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ATP-de ...
Lipid Metabolism: Power Point presentation
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
... Reducing agent is NADPH (corresponding oxidation reaction in fatty acid oxidation pathway uses FAD as the oxidizing agent) This cycle repeats using another malonyl–ACP and adding two more carbons. Fatty acid released after seven cycles. ...
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity
... metabolism. An experiment was conducted using mice to analyze the enzymes further and to compare ACC1 and ACC2.After the experiment was complete, the conclusion was that ACC2 played a role in decreasing intracellular fatty acids when glucose activates ACC2. ...
... metabolism. An experiment was conducted using mice to analyze the enzymes further and to compare ACC1 and ACC2.After the experiment was complete, the conclusion was that ACC2 played a role in decreasing intracellular fatty acids when glucose activates ACC2. ...
AP Bio Extra Credit Study Tool
... The diffusion of particles across a selectively permeable membrane with the assistance of the membrane’s transport proteins ...
... The diffusion of particles across a selectively permeable membrane with the assistance of the membrane’s transport proteins ...
AS2098
... On completion of this module, students are expected to be able to: 1.Describe the nature and sequence of the biochemical reactions in the principal metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. 2.Explain the biological significance and fates of the metabolic intermediates and end produc ...
... On completion of this module, students are expected to be able to: 1.Describe the nature and sequence of the biochemical reactions in the principal metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. 2.Explain the biological significance and fates of the metabolic intermediates and end produc ...
Answer Key for Final Exam Practice Problems
... Genes determine the kind of protein a cell is capable of making. Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid. Hence, the class of compound responsible for determining if a cell can make a protein such as keratin is nucleic acids. e. ...
... Genes determine the kind of protein a cell is capable of making. Genes are made of DNA, a nucleic acid. Hence, the class of compound responsible for determining if a cell can make a protein such as keratin is nucleic acids. e. ...
Plant cell Animal cell
... Pi. The chemical energy stored in ATP can be used by the cell by breaking it back down to ADP and Pi. This is a reversible reaction. ...
... Pi. The chemical energy stored in ATP can be used by the cell by breaking it back down to ADP and Pi. This is a reversible reaction. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑