Chemistry of Metabolism
... electrons; therefore "neutral" atoms have no net charge because the positive protons are balanced by the negative electrons. The mass number (I do not like this term but I have to live with it) of an element is the sum of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus. The total number of nucleons of an atom ...
... electrons; therefore "neutral" atoms have no net charge because the positive protons are balanced by the negative electrons. The mass number (I do not like this term but I have to live with it) of an element is the sum of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus. The total number of nucleons of an atom ...
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) and Metabolic Systems (cont`d)
... acidosis. Higher lactate concentrations are seen following anaerobic training with concomitant improvements in performance. Enhanced buffer capacity prolongs high-intensity exercise. Trained individuals have a greater buffer capacity than untrained individuals. Muscle buffer capacity may increase by ...
... acidosis. Higher lactate concentrations are seen following anaerobic training with concomitant improvements in performance. Enhanced buffer capacity prolongs high-intensity exercise. Trained individuals have a greater buffer capacity than untrained individuals. Muscle buffer capacity may increase by ...
H +
... Excess carbohydrates & proteins can be converted to fats through intermediaries of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. You can make fat from eating too much sugars and carbohydrates!! ...
... Excess carbohydrates & proteins can be converted to fats through intermediaries of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. You can make fat from eating too much sugars and carbohydrates!! ...
anmol publications pvt. ltd.
... generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two more molecules of ATP, six more NADH molecules and two reduced (ubi)quinones (via FADH2 as enzyme-bound cofactor), and releasing the remaining c ...
... generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) then enter the citric acid cycle, producing two more molecules of ATP, six more NADH molecules and two reduced (ubi)quinones (via FADH2 as enzyme-bound cofactor), and releasing the remaining c ...
Chapter 3: Energy for Cells
... The light reactions require sunlight energy. As sunlight strikes chlorophyll on the surface of the chloroplast, the energy absorbed powers a reaction that breaks down a water molecule, releasing the oxygen. The hydrogen from the water is split into protons and electrons. The electrons have absor ...
... The light reactions require sunlight energy. As sunlight strikes chlorophyll on the surface of the chloroplast, the energy absorbed powers a reaction that breaks down a water molecule, releasing the oxygen. The hydrogen from the water is split into protons and electrons. The electrons have absor ...
2 Carboxyl Groups
... Consist of 3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. Can be linear or ring forms. Many exist as isomers, meaning same chemical formula but different molecular structures causing them to react differently. ...
... Consist of 3, 5, or 6 carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. Can be linear or ring forms. Many exist as isomers, meaning same chemical formula but different molecular structures causing them to react differently. ...
Final b
... Outline (structures please) how this molecule would be processed via beta oxidation. (You do not need to enumerate repeated steps.) Make sure you show any products that cannot be processed via beta-oxidation. Outline the intermediates involved in converting this remnant into a commonly used metaboli ...
... Outline (structures please) how this molecule would be processed via beta oxidation. (You do not need to enumerate repeated steps.) Make sure you show any products that cannot be processed via beta-oxidation. Outline the intermediates involved in converting this remnant into a commonly used metaboli ...
Chapter 16
... stimulating gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis. Regulation – blood glucose levels, ANS & Insulin ...
... stimulating gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis. Regulation – blood glucose levels, ANS & Insulin ...
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
... It is also called FeS or none- haeme iron. It consists of a cluster of cysteine residues which complex iron through covalent bonds with the sulfur of cysteine. It is associated with the flavoproteins(FAD &FMN) and cytochrome b. The sulfur and iron are thought to take part in the oxidationreduction m ...
... It is also called FeS or none- haeme iron. It consists of a cluster of cysteine residues which complex iron through covalent bonds with the sulfur of cysteine. It is associated with the flavoproteins(FAD &FMN) and cytochrome b. The sulfur and iron are thought to take part in the oxidationreduction m ...
SECTION 2 - CELL FUNCTION AND BIOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT
... 10. “All fats are lipids” because fats are organic molecules that are relatively insoluble in water. Fats (triglycerides) represent a subcategory of lipids; “not all lipids are fats” because the term lipids includes other subcategories such as phospholipids and steroids, that are not triglycerides. ...
... 10. “All fats are lipids” because fats are organic molecules that are relatively insoluble in water. Fats (triglycerides) represent a subcategory of lipids; “not all lipids are fats” because the term lipids includes other subcategories such as phospholipids and steroids, that are not triglycerides. ...
BIOLOGY— 2006 (Set I—) SECTION
... Q. 10. What is fermentation? Name any two organic compounds produced in this process. (2) Or What is glycolysis? Name the two monosaccharides which readily enter the glycolytic pathway. (2) Q. 11. Draw a diagrammatic sketch of the microscopic view of a mammalian sperm and label any four parts in it. ...
... Q. 10. What is fermentation? Name any two organic compounds produced in this process. (2) Or What is glycolysis? Name the two monosaccharides which readily enter the glycolytic pathway. (2) Q. 11. Draw a diagrammatic sketch of the microscopic view of a mammalian sperm and label any four parts in it. ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... The initial concentration of each of these substances in the media was the same. The oxygen uptake of each culture was measured over a period of time. The results are shown in the graph below. Lactic acid ...
... The initial concentration of each of these substances in the media was the same. The oxygen uptake of each culture was measured over a period of time. The results are shown in the graph below. Lactic acid ...
CH 3: The Molecules of Life
... (also called dehydration reactions) • A water molecule is produced • A covalent bond is formed between monomer units Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis • A water molecule is broken • A covalent bond is broken between monomer units ...
... (also called dehydration reactions) • A water molecule is produced • A covalent bond is formed between monomer units Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse process, hydrolysis • A water molecule is broken • A covalent bond is broken between monomer units ...
Campbell`s Biology, 9e (Reece et al.) Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration
... 18) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy av ...
... 18) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free energy av ...
2 ATP - jpsaos
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP ...
... • Where inner membrane of mito • Input NADH transfer electrons to ETC • Output 34 ATP – Joins with 2 ATP from glycolysis and 2 ATP ...
Muscle Energy Metabolism
... three mechanisms of ATP resynthesis are through anaerobic metabolism, which means without the use of oxygen. Anaerobic energy metabolism, also called anaerobic glycolysis, involves the incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates to lactic acid via anaerobic metabolic pathways. Anaerobic glycolysis is invo ...
... three mechanisms of ATP resynthesis are through anaerobic metabolism, which means without the use of oxygen. Anaerobic energy metabolism, also called anaerobic glycolysis, involves the incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates to lactic acid via anaerobic metabolic pathways. Anaerobic glycolysis is invo ...
Metabolism—the lost child of cardiology∗
... from the primary site of ATP utilization (sarcomeres). The mechanism by which the precise matching between ATP production and utilization occurs is presently unknown. We can say with certainty, however, that “all is in flux.” Which fuel? The heart is a metabolic omnivore and is able to meet its need ...
... from the primary site of ATP utilization (sarcomeres). The mechanism by which the precise matching between ATP production and utilization occurs is presently unknown. We can say with certainty, however, that “all is in flux.” Which fuel? The heart is a metabolic omnivore and is able to meet its need ...
File
... Q: Both ATP and NADPH are produced in the _______________ of photosynthesis. light reaction phases dark reaction phases Q: Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respiration. carbon dioxide oxygen water Q: Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through a proce ...
... Q: Both ATP and NADPH are produced in the _______________ of photosynthesis. light reaction phases dark reaction phases Q: Glucose and _______ are consumed during cellular respiration. carbon dioxide oxygen water Q: Without oxygen, glycolysis allows cells to make small amounts of ATP through a proce ...
LIPIDS
... phosphate yields sphingomyelin while the addition of sugars yields cerebrosides and globosides. Those glycolipids that contain sialic acid are known as gangliosides. ...
... phosphate yields sphingomyelin while the addition of sugars yields cerebrosides and globosides. Those glycolipids that contain sialic acid are known as gangliosides. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑