Name three amino acids that are typically found at the
... result in a higher number of correctly modified clones after transformation of the host cell than a ...
... result in a higher number of correctly modified clones after transformation of the host cell than a ...
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical
... 23) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO 2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free ene ...
... 23) The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO 2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD + to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? A) Most of the free ene ...
Unit 3 (Bioenergetics) Objectives and Essay Samples
... Define pigment. List several plant pigments and explain their role in photosynthesis ...
... Define pigment. List several plant pigments and explain their role in photosynthesis ...
Lactic Acid in Muscle and its Effects on meat Quality(3)
... In the muscle fibers of a living animal, lactic acid is produced almost constantly. The acid formed is either converted back to pyruvic acid to be used oxidatively via the tricarboxylate acid cycle, or by lack of oxygen and/or mitochondria, moved out of the fiber. When glucose is broken down into tw ...
... In the muscle fibers of a living animal, lactic acid is produced almost constantly. The acid formed is either converted back to pyruvic acid to be used oxidatively via the tricarboxylate acid cycle, or by lack of oxygen and/or mitochondria, moved out of the fiber. When glucose is broken down into tw ...
Week 10 notes
... – A Carbohydrate can be a single sugar or a polymer of many sugars. – Carbohydrates contain CHO • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ...
... – A Carbohydrate can be a single sugar or a polymer of many sugars. – Carbohydrates contain CHO • Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ...
Role of glucokinase and glucose-6 phosphatase glucose production
... protein, located in the cytosol of the hepatocyte (Andreone et al, 1989). It has been demonstrated that a 62 kDa cytosolic protein is able to bind to GK and to regulate its activity (Van Schaftingen, 1989; Vandercammen and Van Schaftingen, 1990). The Glc6Pasecatalytic subunit is a 40 kDa hydrophobic ...
... protein, located in the cytosol of the hepatocyte (Andreone et al, 1989). It has been demonstrated that a 62 kDa cytosolic protein is able to bind to GK and to regulate its activity (Van Schaftingen, 1989; Vandercammen and Van Schaftingen, 1990). The Glc6Pasecatalytic subunit is a 40 kDa hydrophobic ...
Microscopy
... • To identify a bacterial pathogen it is necessary to transfere it as a biological sample from site of infection on artificial medium simulating its requirement for growth and isolate grown bacteria in pure culture • A panel of tests are applied to identify the unknown colony • This is possible in g ...
... • To identify a bacterial pathogen it is necessary to transfere it as a biological sample from site of infection on artificial medium simulating its requirement for growth and isolate grown bacteria in pure culture • A panel of tests are applied to identify the unknown colony • This is possible in g ...
B2 – Keeping healthy - The Bicester School
... Active transport is the overall movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration. Active transport requires energy from respiration. Some minerals taken up by plant roots are used to make chemicals needed by cells, including nitrogen from nitrates to ...
... Active transport is the overall movement of chemicals across a cell membrane from low concentration to high concentration. Active transport requires energy from respiration. Some minerals taken up by plant roots are used to make chemicals needed by cells, including nitrogen from nitrates to ...
Nucleic acids
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
... The fourth biological macromolecules are called nucleic acids. Nucleic acids carry and transmit genetic information. The two most common forms of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are made up of smaller monomers of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen called nucleotides. The ...
File
... Major changes in diet can increase the concentrations of individual urea cycle enzymes 10-fold to 20-fold. Starvation, for example, elevates enzyme levels to cope with the increased production of ammonia that accompanies enhanced protein degradation. ...
... Major changes in diet can increase the concentrations of individual urea cycle enzymes 10-fold to 20-fold. Starvation, for example, elevates enzyme levels to cope with the increased production of ammonia that accompanies enhanced protein degradation. ...
Understanding Metabolic Regulation and Its
... ATP hydrolysis to ADP supplies energy to make those reactions favorable, but also makes the ratio of ATP to ADP the relevant parameter in determining whether cells have sufficient energy. The ATP/ ADP ratio is itself buffered by both creatine kinase and adenylate kinases. When demand for ATP is low, ...
... ATP hydrolysis to ADP supplies energy to make those reactions favorable, but also makes the ratio of ATP to ADP the relevant parameter in determining whether cells have sufficient energy. The ATP/ ADP ratio is itself buffered by both creatine kinase and adenylate kinases. When demand for ATP is low, ...
State a significant event that occurs during each of the following
... Question 12: Briefly describe (not list) two mechanisms during meiosis that create genetic variation. (6 pts) Synapsis & crossing over – creates unique new chromosomes consisting of a mixture of paternal and maternal genes Independent assortment of homologous pairs – creates unique combinations of m ...
... Question 12: Briefly describe (not list) two mechanisms during meiosis that create genetic variation. (6 pts) Synapsis & crossing over – creates unique new chromosomes consisting of a mixture of paternal and maternal genes Independent assortment of homologous pairs – creates unique combinations of m ...
Chapter 3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life - OCC
... Microorganisms from entering the middle ear. The Last Group of Lipids are STEROIDS, Molecules that are composed of Four Fused Carbon Rings with various functional Groups attached to them. -Steroids make many Human Hormones, Testosterone in Males. One of the most Familiar Steroids in humans is CHOLES ...
... Microorganisms from entering the middle ear. The Last Group of Lipids are STEROIDS, Molecules that are composed of Four Fused Carbon Rings with various functional Groups attached to them. -Steroids make many Human Hormones, Testosterone in Males. One of the most Familiar Steroids in humans is CHOLES ...
Examination III Key
... 28. [5 points] Of the 20 L-α-amino acids used for protein synthesis, list those that are made directly from the carbons in α-ketoglutarate (without having to go through any other pathways in intermediary or carbohydrate metabolism.) For each of the amino acids you list, indicate which category the s ...
... 28. [5 points] Of the 20 L-α-amino acids used for protein synthesis, list those that are made directly from the carbons in α-ketoglutarate (without having to go through any other pathways in intermediary or carbohydrate metabolism.) For each of the amino acids you list, indicate which category the s ...
breakdown of complex organic molecules into the simplest, stable
... infinite number of enzymes would be needed --- lignin degradation occurs in the same way it is formed, by random free radical attack via peroxidases produced by some bacteria and fungi --- woody plants use lignin as a means of defending and supporting cellulose fibers, lignin degradation is a slow p ...
... infinite number of enzymes would be needed --- lignin degradation occurs in the same way it is formed, by random free radical attack via peroxidases produced by some bacteria and fungi --- woody plants use lignin as a means of defending and supporting cellulose fibers, lignin degradation is a slow p ...
213lec3
... 2. Active transport (majority of amino acids) C. Transport 1. Blood plasma D. Assimilation 1. Enters cells via facilitated diffusion. 2. Once in cells, amino acids can be used to synthesize new structural proteins, enzymes, hormones, or other nitrogen-containing compounds. (See protein synthesis, Fi ...
... 2. Active transport (majority of amino acids) C. Transport 1. Blood plasma D. Assimilation 1. Enters cells via facilitated diffusion. 2. Once in cells, amino acids can be used to synthesize new structural proteins, enzymes, hormones, or other nitrogen-containing compounds. (See protein synthesis, Fi ...
sample mt exam - Ltcconline.net
... a. the first law of thermodynamics b. the second law of thermodynamics c. the fact that some energy is destroyed in any energy conversion d. the fact that energy transformations are never 100% efficient e. both b and d 24. (1 pt) Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusio ...
... a. the first law of thermodynamics b. the second law of thermodynamics c. the fact that some energy is destroyed in any energy conversion d. the fact that energy transformations are never 100% efficient e. both b and d 24. (1 pt) Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusio ...
Carbohydrate
... brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. • Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during long-term storage of foods containing reducing sugars are undesirable. • Common browning of foods on heating or on storage is usually due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars, ...
... brown colors that are desirable and important in some foods. • Other brown colors obtained upon heating or during long-term storage of foods containing reducing sugars are undesirable. • Common browning of foods on heating or on storage is usually due to a chemical reaction between reducing sugars, ...
Slide 1
... Bile salts are synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder They are derivatives of cholesterol Bile salts help in the emulsification of fats Bile salts help in combination of lipase with two molecules of a small protein called as Colipase. This combination enhances the lipase acti ...
... Bile salts are synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder They are derivatives of cholesterol Bile salts help in the emulsification of fats Bile salts help in combination of lipase with two molecules of a small protein called as Colipase. This combination enhances the lipase acti ...
Overview of mitochondria and plastids function in energy conversion
... κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in f ...
... κουδριον or khondrion, granule) is a membrane-enclosed organelle, found in most eukaryotes. Amitochondriate eukaryotes have a related organelle called hydrogenosome or mitosome The primary function of mitochondria is the oxidative phosphorylation. It is the conversion of chemical energy contain in f ...
Functional Groups
... • Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities • Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches ...
... • Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities • Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches ...
Asian Odyssey
... pathways that you learned about in school (glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, lipolysis, betaoxidation, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, etc.) adjust rapidly - within as little as one day to the introduction of high-protein (20-50% of kcal) diets in rodents. Some adjustments include: ...
... pathways that you learned about in school (glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, lipolysis, betaoxidation, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, etc.) adjust rapidly - within as little as one day to the introduction of high-protein (20-50% of kcal) diets in rodents. Some adjustments include: ...
Macromolecules PPT.
... e.g. Anything with a functional group HYDROPHOBIC – - not attracted to water because it is non-polar e.g. lipids (oil, fat) ...
... e.g. Anything with a functional group HYDROPHOBIC – - not attracted to water because it is non-polar e.g. lipids (oil, fat) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑