2 hours
... 8. An example of an oxidation reaction would be A) the conversion of succinate to fumarate using FAD. B) the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. C) the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. D) the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. E) none of the above. Answer: A 9. An example of ...
... 8. An example of an oxidation reaction would be A) the conversion of succinate to fumarate using FAD. B) the addition of carbon dioxide to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. C) the conversion of citrate to isocitrate. D) the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. E) none of the above. Answer: A 9. An example of ...
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the
... By what mechanism would amino acids leave the epithelial cell at point Z? ...
... By what mechanism would amino acids leave the epithelial cell at point Z? ...
BIOCHEMISTRY NOTES
... E. Ways that cells regulate the rates of its reactions: 1. by regulating the concentrations of enzyme molecules, substrate molecules, and cofactor molecules 2. some enzymes are produced only when they are needed 3. some enzymes are produced in an inactive form, & must activated before they can be us ...
... E. Ways that cells regulate the rates of its reactions: 1. by regulating the concentrations of enzyme molecules, substrate molecules, and cofactor molecules 2. some enzymes are produced only when they are needed 3. some enzymes are produced in an inactive form, & must activated before they can be us ...
Ch. 5 Enzyme Review
... a. A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme outside the active site. b. The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible. c. A noncompetitive inhibitor does not change the shape of the active site. d. When the product of an enzyme or an enzyme sequence acts as its inhibitor, ...
... a. A competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme outside the active site. b. The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible. c. A noncompetitive inhibitor does not change the shape of the active site. d. When the product of an enzyme or an enzyme sequence acts as its inhibitor, ...
Krebs Cycle
... to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simply put, the substrate ultimately cycles to itself in a series of reactions—this is in c ...
... to CO2 with concomitant release of NADH, FADH2, and GTP - Such oxidation of acetyl groups occurs via a “cycle” rather than a “pathway”—since both the substrate and the product are identical (oxaloacetate), or simply put, the substrate ultimately cycles to itself in a series of reactions—this is in c ...
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com
... There is, however, only a limited supply of ATP within the muscle cell, probably only enough to perform maximal exertion for two to three seconds, such as a maximal weight lift or a sprint start. If we had to carry an unlimited supply of ATP we would have to carry the body’s equivalent weight aroun ...
... There is, however, only a limited supply of ATP within the muscle cell, probably only enough to perform maximal exertion for two to three seconds, such as a maximal weight lift or a sprint start. If we had to carry an unlimited supply of ATP we would have to carry the body’s equivalent weight aroun ...
Chemistry Option B: Human Biochemistry
... the nucleotides condense/form a phosphodiester bond; between the C3 of the sugar and a neighbouring phosphate group; bases form a part of nucleotide in DNA by bases are covalently bonded to deoxyribose/pentose sugar; bond via a condensation reaction with the sugar / N from the thymine bonds ...
... the nucleotides condense/form a phosphodiester bond; between the C3 of the sugar and a neighbouring phosphate group; bases form a part of nucleotide in DNA by bases are covalently bonded to deoxyribose/pentose sugar; bond via a condensation reaction with the sugar / N from the thymine bonds ...
Professor Jason Raymond - School of Earth and Space Exploration
... organic matter (CH2O), like glucose, to the reduction of sulfate All these options available—where would you go to eat? ...
... organic matter (CH2O), like glucose, to the reduction of sulfate All these options available—where would you go to eat? ...
4. Power: Pathways that make ATP
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
... The head part of the molecule is called flavin and it is shown above. It is where the action occurs – what changes during the chemical reaction. The big tail of FAD, like the tail of NAD, helps to hold these molecules in the proper location in the enzymes that use them. Our bodies have enzymes that ...
Study Questions for Chapter 1 – The Cell
... 4. When plotting the velocity (V) of an enzymatic reaction against the substrate concentration, one sees “saturable” kinetics. That is, at some substrate concentration, the enzyme is functioning at its maximal rate (Vmax) and cannot operate any faster. The substrate concentration that results in ...
... 4. When plotting the velocity (V) of an enzymatic reaction against the substrate concentration, one sees “saturable” kinetics. That is, at some substrate concentration, the enzyme is functioning at its maximal rate (Vmax) and cannot operate any faster. The substrate concentration that results in ...
Proteins - Forest Hills School District
... Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? ...
... Your blood sugar is low and you stop at Taco John’s for a late night snack. Your blood sugar goes back up. Which of the characteristics of living things is this an example of? ...
Group Trait Detailed Description Obesity Height Height is a classical
... liver. Increased activity of ALT in serum suggests hepatocyte damage [14]. When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood, where it is measured. Aspartate transaminase (AST) is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is a less specific ind ...
... liver. Increased activity of ALT in serum suggests hepatocyte damage [14]. When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme into the blood, where it is measured. Aspartate transaminase (AST) is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is a less specific ind ...
Lecture6
... In stage 1, hundreds of lipids are broken down into their building blocks which are few in number. Lipid in most organisms are in the form of tri-acyl glycerol. The term fat refers to this most abundant class of lipids. Triacyl glycerol plays no other role than energy storage. Most of the energy der ...
... In stage 1, hundreds of lipids are broken down into their building blocks which are few in number. Lipid in most organisms are in the form of tri-acyl glycerol. The term fat refers to this most abundant class of lipids. Triacyl glycerol plays no other role than energy storage. Most of the energy der ...
Bis2A 5.2 Mobile Energy Carriers
... draw a gure of the reaction steps described above: breaking of phosphoanhydride bond, breaking of water, and formation of new bonds to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. Track the atoms in dierent colors if that helps. Is there something special about the speci c bonds involved in these molecules? ...
... draw a gure of the reaction steps described above: breaking of phosphoanhydride bond, breaking of water, and formation of new bonds to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. Track the atoms in dierent colors if that helps. Is there something special about the speci c bonds involved in these molecules? ...
Respiration - Biology Junction
... • Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one time. • Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. • At key steps, hydrogen atoms are stripped from ...
... • Cellular respiration does not oxidize glucose in a single step that transfers all the hydrogen in the fuel to oxygen at one time. • Rather, glucose and other fuels are broken down gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. • At key steps, hydrogen atoms are stripped from ...
U4L26 Nitrogen - The University of Sydney
... on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. ...
... on behalf of the University of Sydney pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. ...
28 - Weebly
... • Because the cell cannot store large amounts of ATP, other processes are used to handle glucose in excess of what can be used in ATP synthetic pathways. 1. Glycogenesis is a process that forms glycogen from glucose when high cellular ATP begins to inhibit glycolysis. 2. Glycogenolysis is a process ...
... • Because the cell cannot store large amounts of ATP, other processes are used to handle glucose in excess of what can be used in ATP synthetic pathways. 1. Glycogenesis is a process that forms glycogen from glucose when high cellular ATP begins to inhibit glycolysis. 2. Glycogenolysis is a process ...
Lecture 35 - Lipid Metabolism 1
... 3. What are the key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism? Fatty acyl CoA synthetase – enzyme catalyzing the "priming" reaction in fatty acid metabolism which converts free fatty acids in the cytosol into fatty acyl-CoA using the energy available from ATP and PPi hydrolysis. Carnitine acyltransferase I - ...
... 3. What are the key enzymes in fatty acid metabolism? Fatty acyl CoA synthetase – enzyme catalyzing the "priming" reaction in fatty acid metabolism which converts free fatty acids in the cytosol into fatty acyl-CoA using the energy available from ATP and PPi hydrolysis. Carnitine acyltransferase I - ...
Lipids (lect 4))
... Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and FA synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, so acet ...
... Acetyl CoA is the precursor of fatty acid synthesis. It is produced from oxidation of glucose (by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate), βoxidation of fatty acids and metabolism of ketogenic and mixed amino acids. Acetyl CoA is produced in mitochondria, and FA synthesis occurs in cytoplasm, so acet ...
Lecture 27 - Redox and PDH
... Calculating the Gº’ for a citrate cycle oxidation reaction using the Eº’ of the half reactions The oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in the third reaction of the citrate cycle: Isocitrate + NAD+ <--> -ketoglutarate + CO2 + NADH + H+ Using the Eº’ valu ...
... Calculating the Gº’ for a citrate cycle oxidation reaction using the Eº’ of the half reactions The oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase in the third reaction of the citrate cycle: Isocitrate + NAD+ <--> -ketoglutarate + CO2 + NADH + H+ Using the Eº’ valu ...
Document
... B The hydrolysis of sucrose to yield glucose and fructose is exergonic (i.e., tends to go to the right as written). This reaction (circle all correct statements): (absorbs energy) (releases energy) (creates water) (consumes water) (is irreversible) Spontaneous, exergonic reaction go to the right be ...
... B The hydrolysis of sucrose to yield glucose and fructose is exergonic (i.e., tends to go to the right as written). This reaction (circle all correct statements): (absorbs energy) (releases energy) (creates water) (consumes water) (is irreversible) Spontaneous, exergonic reaction go to the right be ...
Major Assignment: Modelling Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins
... Complete the 3 mini-investigations as outlined on the Biochemistry Unit Outline. Complete the follow-up text questions for each mini-investigation, in full sentences, as outlined on the Biochemistry Unit Outline. (21 marks) Please note the following modifications/additions to questions: p. 33 C: Exp ...
... Complete the 3 mini-investigations as outlined on the Biochemistry Unit Outline. Complete the follow-up text questions for each mini-investigation, in full sentences, as outlined on the Biochemistry Unit Outline. (21 marks) Please note the following modifications/additions to questions: p. 33 C: Exp ...
Chapter 3
... Control of Bioenergetics • Rate-limiting enzymes – An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway • Levels of ATP and ADP+Pi – High levels of ATP inhibit ATP production – Low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi stimulate ATP production • Calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP production © ...
... Control of Bioenergetics • Rate-limiting enzymes – An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway • Levels of ATP and ADP+Pi – High levels of ATP inhibit ATP production – Low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi stimulate ATP production • Calcium may stimulate aerobic ATP production © ...
BIOCHEMISTRY Electron Transport Chain
... • They pass through an enzyme complex – ATP-synthase within the IMM & provide energy for ATP synthesis. • The ATP-synthase complexes are the coupling factors that link the ETC & OP. • ATP-synthase has 2 subunits: • F0 = channel for H+ flow • F1 = ATP synthesis ...
... • They pass through an enzyme complex – ATP-synthase within the IMM & provide energy for ATP synthesis. • The ATP-synthase complexes are the coupling factors that link the ETC & OP. • ATP-synthase has 2 subunits: • F0 = channel for H+ flow • F1 = ATP synthesis ...
T06 Fermentations 2014
... List the four growth constants with their units. State in one short sentence what this growth constant means by referring to its units. Ymax gX/gS umax gX/L/h / /gX/L = h-1 ms gS/gX/h = h-1 kS = gS/L ...
... List the four growth constants with their units. State in one short sentence what this growth constant means by referring to its units. Ymax gX/gS umax gX/L/h / /gX/L = h-1 ms gS/gX/h = h-1 kS = gS/L ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑