The pivotal roles of mitochondria in cancer: Warburg and beyond
... phenotype [3]. Thus, HK-2 represents a pivotal model gene or enzyme that tumors “select for” during tumorigenesis in order to facilitate their destructive path. In this review, we examine the roles played by mitochondrial bound HK-2 within the context of the highly choreographed metabolic roulette o ...
... phenotype [3]. Thus, HK-2 represents a pivotal model gene or enzyme that tumors “select for” during tumorigenesis in order to facilitate their destructive path. In this review, we examine the roles played by mitochondrial bound HK-2 within the context of the highly choreographed metabolic roulette o ...
Dr. Walaa AL - Jedda – 2016 Metabolism of Glycogen Glycogen: is
... is converted to glucose, for maintenance of blood glucose, particularly in between meals. 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood gl ...
... is converted to glucose, for maintenance of blood glucose, particularly in between meals. 2-Muscle glycogen on the other hand, is to act as readily available source of intermediates of glycolysis for provision of energy within the muscle itself. Muscle glycogen cannot directly contribute to blood gl ...
EnSoft Corp.
... Sour (spoiled ) wine, vinegar (from French): vin + aigre (sour) • Production in the US about 160 Mgal/y; 2/3 used in commercial products such as sauces and dressings, production of pickles and tomato products ...
... Sour (spoiled ) wine, vinegar (from French): vin + aigre (sour) • Production in the US about 160 Mgal/y; 2/3 used in commercial products such as sauces and dressings, production of pickles and tomato products ...
Biochemistry of the liver - Univerzita Karlova v Praze
... The figure was adopted from http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/119/images/liver_lobule_figure.jpg (April 2007) ...
... The figure was adopted from http://faculty.washington.edu/kepeter/119/images/liver_lobule_figure.jpg (April 2007) ...
45_Biochemistry of Muscles
... • Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, whereas glucagon does not because of absence of its receptors. • Skeletal muscle cannot contribute directly to blood glucose because it does not contain glucose-6-phosphatase. • Lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle pa ...
... • Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, whereas glucagon does not because of absence of its receptors. • Skeletal muscle cannot contribute directly to blood glucose because it does not contain glucose-6-phosphatase. • Lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle pa ...
Chapter 3 Last Set
... Prokaryotes will not make something if they can import it There are only a few key precursor molecules (but lots of ways to make them) Energy sources vary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... Prokaryotes will not make something if they can import it There are only a few key precursor molecules (but lots of ways to make them) Energy sources vary © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Name: _____ Date: ______ Class:______________
... reaction is photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis is _____________________ and _____________________ yields, or is converted into, ____________________ and _____________________. This chemical reaction makes all of the organic food molecules that are need for every living ...
... reaction is photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis is _____________________ and _____________________ yields, or is converted into, ____________________ and _____________________. This chemical reaction makes all of the organic food molecules that are need for every living ...
lecture CH23 chem131pikul
... •Hydrolysis of ATP cleaves 1 phosphate group. •This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−), releasing 7.3 kcal/mol of energy. ...
... •Hydrolysis of ATP cleaves 1 phosphate group. •This forms ADP and hydrogen phosphate (HPO42−), releasing 7.3 kcal/mol of energy. ...
File - Ms. Perez`s Science
... **You must be able to recognize the structures of these compounds – study the pictures! 1. CARBOHYDRATES Used by the cells of the body - in energy-producing reactions - as structural materials Classified into 3 groups according to the number of sugar (saccharide) molecules: 1) Monsaccharide: “si ...
... **You must be able to recognize the structures of these compounds – study the pictures! 1. CARBOHYDRATES Used by the cells of the body - in energy-producing reactions - as structural materials Classified into 3 groups according to the number of sugar (saccharide) molecules: 1) Monsaccharide: “si ...
Chapter 9 Notes - Get a Clue with Mrs. Perdue
... In the chemical equation below, put a BOX around the product and CIRCLE the reactants ...
... In the chemical equation below, put a BOX around the product and CIRCLE the reactants ...
Chapter 21 - Evangel University
... • FA with odd number of carbons produce propionyl-CoA in the last step of the oxidation • Propionyl-CoA can be converted to succinylCoA, which plays a role in the citric acid cycle • The oxidation of unsaturated FA requires enzymes that catalyze isomerization around the double bonds so that oxidatio ...
... • FA with odd number of carbons produce propionyl-CoA in the last step of the oxidation • Propionyl-CoA can be converted to succinylCoA, which plays a role in the citric acid cycle • The oxidation of unsaturated FA requires enzymes that catalyze isomerization around the double bonds so that oxidatio ...
Supplementary information
... use this pyruvate to feed the aerobic pathway for additional ATP production. This pathway is the most efficient route for meeting the long-term energy demands of the cell. If oxygen becomes scarce, the cell will temporarily increase the flux through the glycolytic pathway to make up for the decrease ...
... use this pyruvate to feed the aerobic pathway for additional ATP production. This pathway is the most efficient route for meeting the long-term energy demands of the cell. If oxygen becomes scarce, the cell will temporarily increase the flux through the glycolytic pathway to make up for the decrease ...
R group
... ORGANIC MOLECULES OF ORGANISMS = MACROMOLECULES All organic compounds of the livings are responsible for such things as: ...
... ORGANIC MOLECULES OF ORGANISMS = MACROMOLECULES All organic compounds of the livings are responsible for such things as: ...
CHEM 331 Problem Set #6
... all three anomeric carbons are involved in glycosidic bonds. 13. Most paper is made by removing the lignin from wood pulp and forming the resulting mass of largely unoriented cellulose fibers into a she ...
... all three anomeric carbons are involved in glycosidic bonds. 13. Most paper is made by removing the lignin from wood pulp and forming the resulting mass of largely unoriented cellulose fibers into a she ...
CARBOHYDRATES 2016
... heparin or heparan sulfate - examples of residues Heparan sulfate is initially synthesized on a membraneembedded core protein as a polymer of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronate residues. Later, in segments of the polymer, glucuronate residues may be converted to the sulfated sugar iduro ...
... heparin or heparan sulfate - examples of residues Heparan sulfate is initially synthesized on a membraneembedded core protein as a polymer of alternating N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronate residues. Later, in segments of the polymer, glucuronate residues may be converted to the sulfated sugar iduro ...
Nucleic Acid metabolism De Novo Synthesis of Purine
... • Since pyrimidine molecules are simpler than purines, so is their synthesis simpler but is still from readily available components. Glutamine's amide nitrogen and carbon dioxide provide atoms 2 and 3 or the pyrimidine ring. They do so, however, after first being converted to carbamoyl phosphate. Th ...
... • Since pyrimidine molecules are simpler than purines, so is their synthesis simpler but is still from readily available components. Glutamine's amide nitrogen and carbon dioxide provide atoms 2 and 3 or the pyrimidine ring. They do so, however, after first being converted to carbamoyl phosphate. Th ...
Chapter 11
... reaction in the series—is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (see Perspective 11.1, “The Potential Energy of Glucose”). Respiration can be considered a series of “baby steps” that begins with a sugar and progressively releases small amounts of energy (transferred to ATP) along the way as the sugar is br ...
... reaction in the series—is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (see Perspective 11.1, “The Potential Energy of Glucose”). Respiration can be considered a series of “baby steps” that begins with a sugar and progressively releases small amounts of energy (transferred to ATP) along the way as the sugar is br ...
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
... – about 146 ATP (energy molecules) from a triglyceride • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. – amino acids not usually needed for energy – about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate ...
... – about 146 ATP (energy molecules) from a triglyceride • Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. – amino acids not usually needed for energy – about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate ...
Unit 2B-1 Biochemistry Part 1
... The main organic molecules of living things Are Polymers made from monomers Monomers are small repeating units Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together. ...
... The main organic molecules of living things Are Polymers made from monomers Monomers are small repeating units Polymers are larger molecules made from putting the monomers together. ...
Analysis of metabolic pathways and fluxes in a newly discovered
... investigated the central metabolism of this bacterium using both in vitro enzyme assays and 13C-based flux analysis to provide insights into the physiological properties of this extremophile and explore its metabolism for bio-ethanol or other bioprocess applications. Our findings show that glucose m ...
... investigated the central metabolism of this bacterium using both in vitro enzyme assays and 13C-based flux analysis to provide insights into the physiological properties of this extremophile and explore its metabolism for bio-ethanol or other bioprocess applications. Our findings show that glucose m ...
Metabolism
... - physical activity = sudden increase of requirements for O2 - systems that help to supply O2 into the muscle are activated increase of ventilation (tidal volume and frequency) higher cardiac output per minute (frequency and stroke volume) blood re-distribution into the muscle ...
... - physical activity = sudden increase of requirements for O2 - systems that help to supply O2 into the muscle are activated increase of ventilation (tidal volume and frequency) higher cardiac output per minute (frequency and stroke volume) blood re-distribution into the muscle ...
UNIT 9. COMMON CATABOLIC PATHWAY. TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
... l. Look at fig 19.16 (p.303) and remember the major regulatory reactions in the TCA cycle. Memorize: the TCA cycle is controlled by regulation of several enzyme activities. The most important of these enzymes are citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. En ...
... l. Look at fig 19.16 (p.303) and remember the major regulatory reactions in the TCA cycle. Memorize: the TCA cycle is controlled by regulation of several enzyme activities. The most important of these enzymes are citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and αketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. En ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑