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... chemical energy. All of the energy released from catabolizing one compound does not dissipate as heat; rather, a portion becomes harvested and conserved within the chemical structure of the newly formed compound. ATP represents the common energy transfer “vehicle” in most coupled biologic reactions. ...
... chemical energy. All of the energy released from catabolizing one compound does not dissipate as heat; rather, a portion becomes harvested and conserved within the chemical structure of the newly formed compound. ATP represents the common energy transfer “vehicle” in most coupled biologic reactions. ...
Atomic Structure (Bohr or Planetary Model)
... dietary carbohydrates is taken up by the liver and is used to synthesize the polysaccharide glycogen – the liver gradually hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose between meals and releases it into the bloodstream for distribution to all cells of the body ...
... dietary carbohydrates is taken up by the liver and is used to synthesize the polysaccharide glycogen – the liver gradually hydrolyzes glycogen to glucose between meals and releases it into the bloodstream for distribution to all cells of the body ...
Cellular Respiration - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... keep the electron transport chain working. So how does the cell produce energy if oxygen is limited? Fermentation is an anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen. In animal cells, including human cells, pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is reduced by NAD ...
... keep the electron transport chain working. So how does the cell produce energy if oxygen is limited? Fermentation is an anaerobic process that produces a limited amount of ATP in the absence of oxygen. In animal cells, including human cells, pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, is reduced by NAD ...
3-energy
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
... This kinetic stability is essential to the role of ATP and other compounds with ~ bonds. If ATP would rapidly hydrolyze in the absence of a catalyst, it could not serve its important roles in energy metabolism and phosphate transfer. Phosphate is removed from ATP only when the reaction is coupled vi ...
Aerobic/Anaerobic Respiration
... Electron and protons may enter ETC at different stages from e.g. NADH, FADH, lactate Protons excreted at various stages of chain Electrons transferred to external acceptors via oxidases/reductases creates Proton Motive ...
... Electron and protons may enter ETC at different stages from e.g. NADH, FADH, lactate Protons excreted at various stages of chain Electrons transferred to external acceptors via oxidases/reductases creates Proton Motive ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... an amorphous structure of xylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, and others. In contrast to cellulose, hemicelluloses are relatively easily hydrolyzed by acid treatment or by enzymes to form C5 monomers, with the C5 sugar D-xylose being the most abundant pentose derived from many materials. ...
... an amorphous structure of xylan, arabinoxylan, glucomannan, and others. In contrast to cellulose, hemicelluloses are relatively easily hydrolyzed by acid treatment or by enzymes to form C5 monomers, with the C5 sugar D-xylose being the most abundant pentose derived from many materials. ...
Autotrophic, Heterotrophic and Other Nutritional Patterns
... sources are H2, Fe-, S-, N-compounds, CH4 and many organics, but also such metals as As, Se, and U. Iron sulfide (machinawite) has been studied in submarine alkaline seepage as a “smart” electrochemical reactor mimicking chemiosmosis. Machinawite as well as clay (montmorillonite) particles may resem ...
... sources are H2, Fe-, S-, N-compounds, CH4 and many organics, but also such metals as As, Se, and U. Iron sulfide (machinawite) has been studied in submarine alkaline seepage as a “smart” electrochemical reactor mimicking chemiosmosis. Machinawite as well as clay (montmorillonite) particles may resem ...
Fatty Acid Activation Fatty acid activation
... Double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis configuration and cannot be acted upon by enoyl-CoA hydratase (the enzyme catalyzing the addition of water to the trans double bond generated during β-oxidation. Enoyl-CoA isomerase repositions the double bond, converting the cis isomer to t ...
... Double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids are in the cis configuration and cannot be acted upon by enoyl-CoA hydratase (the enzyme catalyzing the addition of water to the trans double bond generated during β-oxidation. Enoyl-CoA isomerase repositions the double bond, converting the cis isomer to t ...
Handout 2 - CHO chemistry
... 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest is D-glyceraldehyde (as in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis). 3. Nutritionally most important is D-glucose. 4. L-forms are mirror images. ...
... 1. All monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups (i.e., alcohol groups). 2. Smallest is D-glyceraldehyde (as in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis). 3. Nutritionally most important is D-glucose. 4. L-forms are mirror images. ...
CARBOHYDRATES
... will be considered in greater detail than those of the other monosaccharides, not only because of its importance, but because much of what can be said about glucose also can be said about the other monosaccharides. Glucose is an aldohexose, which means that it is a six-carbon sugar with a terminal a ...
... will be considered in greater detail than those of the other monosaccharides, not only because of its importance, but because much of what can be said about glucose also can be said about the other monosaccharides. Glucose is an aldohexose, which means that it is a six-carbon sugar with a terminal a ...
Which of the following statements about saliva is NOT true
... II. (4pts) Draw the chemical structures of the Fatty Acids 18:3 ω-3 and 18:3 Δ-9 1pt for total carbon number -1pt if structures are not the same 1pt for correct double bond number 1pt for correct double bond postion 1pt for COOH group III. (5pts) Match the diseases on the left to their proper cause ...
... II. (4pts) Draw the chemical structures of the Fatty Acids 18:3 ω-3 and 18:3 Δ-9 1pt for total carbon number -1pt if structures are not the same 1pt for correct double bond number 1pt for correct double bond postion 1pt for COOH group III. (5pts) Match the diseases on the left to their proper cause ...
Sample Chapters - Pearson Canada
... another, even though they often begin and end with the same metabolites. The existence of separate unidirectional pathways is important for two reasons. First, to proceed in a particular direction, a pathway must be exergonic in that direction. If a pathway is strongly exergonic, then reversal of th ...
... another, even though they often begin and end with the same metabolites. The existence of separate unidirectional pathways is important for two reasons. First, to proceed in a particular direction, a pathway must be exergonic in that direction. If a pathway is strongly exergonic, then reversal of th ...
oxidation, reduction, redox potential, citric acid cycle, respiratory
... Citric acid cycle is metabolic connection of catabolic degradation of saccharides, lipids and amino acids and its main aim is to produce reduced coenzymes for energy production. Citric acid cycle is localized in matrix and inner membrane of mitochondria and in one turn of cycle (processing 1 molecul ...
... Citric acid cycle is metabolic connection of catabolic degradation of saccharides, lipids and amino acids and its main aim is to produce reduced coenzymes for energy production. Citric acid cycle is localized in matrix and inner membrane of mitochondria and in one turn of cycle (processing 1 molecul ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... be used to do work; the rest is dissipated as heat. One catabolic process, fermentation, is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen. However, the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as ...
... be used to do work; the rest is dissipated as heat. One catabolic process, fermentation, is a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen. However, the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway is aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is consumed as ...
Chapter 1 Introduction
... window opening to the world of life science. Thus, the knowledge of biochemistry which involves the study of chemical molecules and reactions in living organisms, and the elucidations of the nature of live phenomenon on the molecular level, is essential to medical students, as well as to the student ...
... window opening to the world of life science. Thus, the knowledge of biochemistry which involves the study of chemical molecules and reactions in living organisms, and the elucidations of the nature of live phenomenon on the molecular level, is essential to medical students, as well as to the student ...
Proton-motive force
... Energy Balance • Overall energy balance • At cellular conditions, assume ∆G’ =54.3 kJ/mole for ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi • We know that the oxidation of glucose (e.g. in a calorimeter) yields ∆G’ = -2937 kJ/mole • Assuming that 32 moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose, this gives an effici ...
... Energy Balance • Overall energy balance • At cellular conditions, assume ∆G’ =54.3 kJ/mole for ATP hydrolysis to ADP + Pi • We know that the oxidation of glucose (e.g. in a calorimeter) yields ∆G’ = -2937 kJ/mole • Assuming that 32 moles of ATP are produced per mole of glucose, this gives an effici ...
A) Choose the correct answer: B)Complete: 1) L
... (a) Uncouplers allow to proceeds respiratory chain with ATP formation. (b) Oligomycin inhibit site I of ATP production. (c) Rotenone is a specific site inhibitor for electron transport system. (d) Calcium injection inhibit ATP synthase enzyme. 5) The end products of anaerobic bacteria effect on pyru ...
... (a) Uncouplers allow to proceeds respiratory chain with ATP formation. (b) Oligomycin inhibit site I of ATP production. (c) Rotenone is a specific site inhibitor for electron transport system. (d) Calcium injection inhibit ATP synthase enzyme. 5) The end products of anaerobic bacteria effect on pyru ...
copyrighted material
... levels return to normal, insulin secretion stops. Later, perhaps after heavy exercise, blood glucose levels may drop because muscle cells absorb glucose from the blood and use it as a source of energy for muscle contraction. In response to falling blood glucose levels, another group of specialized p ...
... levels return to normal, insulin secretion stops. Later, perhaps after heavy exercise, blood glucose levels may drop because muscle cells absorb glucose from the blood and use it as a source of energy for muscle contraction. In response to falling blood glucose levels, another group of specialized p ...
Carbohydrates
... There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway. ...
... There are 2 isomers of carvone. One makes things taste like spearmint the other like caraway. ...
Final Exam - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... time limit is 5 hours. Please indicate on your exam when you began the exam and when you ended the exam (also indicating if/when you took a break during the exam). If you run out of time, please indicate which questions you completed after the time limit was reached and you can still receive half cr ...
... time limit is 5 hours. Please indicate on your exam when you began the exam and when you ended the exam (also indicating if/when you took a break during the exam). If you run out of time, please indicate which questions you completed after the time limit was reached and you can still receive half cr ...
Lab 11
... Introduction ( Why the experiment is important? ) – State a hypothesis (an “if then” statement, may require multiple sentences) that is clear and appropriately addresses the purpose of this laboratory exercise. ...
... Introduction ( Why the experiment is important? ) – State a hypothesis (an “if then” statement, may require multiple sentences) that is clear and appropriately addresses the purpose of this laboratory exercise. ...
Biochemistry of kidney
... tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing the concentration of urine. In contrast when secretion of ADH is inhibited, it allows dilute urine to be formed. This occures mainly, when plasma sodium concentration falls such as following drinking large quantities of water. This fall is detected by osmo ...
... tubule and collecting duct, thus increasing the concentration of urine. In contrast when secretion of ADH is inhibited, it allows dilute urine to be formed. This occures mainly, when plasma sodium concentration falls such as following drinking large quantities of water. This fall is detected by osmo ...
5-2 Necleotide Metabolism (pyrimidine) - Home
... phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi •ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP •carbamoyl phosphate is an “activated” compound, so no energy input is needed at this step ...
... phosphate with aspartate with the release of Pi •ATCase is the major site of regulation in bacteria; it is activated by ATP and inhibited by CTP •carbamoyl phosphate is an “activated” compound, so no energy input is needed at this step ...
Anaplerosis in cancer: Another step beyond the warburg effect
... 1-α (HIF-1α), which is a transcription factor that activates the expression of all glycolysis enzymes, it triggers the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, and it limits the substrate influx into the Krebs cycle by allowing the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PD ...
... 1-α (HIF-1α), which is a transcription factor that activates the expression of all glycolysis enzymes, it triggers the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane, and it limits the substrate influx into the Krebs cycle by allowing the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PD ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑