Patent Protection for the Protein Products of Recombinant DNA
... 4. The first pharmaceutical produced through recombinant DNA technology to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to be marketed was human insulin. FDA approval came in October 1982 and commercial sales began shortly thereafter. As Lilly's Synthetic Insulin Gets FDA OK, Novo, ...
... 4. The first pharmaceutical produced through recombinant DNA technology to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to be marketed was human insulin. FDA approval came in October 1982 and commercial sales began shortly thereafter. As Lilly's Synthetic Insulin Gets FDA OK, Novo, ...
Stabilization by GroEL, a Molecular Chaperone, and a Periplasmic
... The terminal reductase of such respiration, DMSO reductase (DMSOR), is a soluble periplasmic protein consisting of a single polypeptide and containing one molecule of a molybdenum (Mo) cofactor per molecule (Satoh et al. 1987). DMSOR is synthesized as a precursor, with a molecular mass of 89,206 Da. ...
... The terminal reductase of such respiration, DMSO reductase (DMSOR), is a soluble periplasmic protein consisting of a single polypeptide and containing one molecule of a molybdenum (Mo) cofactor per molecule (Satoh et al. 1987). DMSOR is synthesized as a precursor, with a molecular mass of 89,206 Da. ...
Bioinformatics Toolbox
... teaching genome and proteome analysis techniques. Educators and students can concentrate on bioinformatic algorithms instead of programming basic functions such as reading and writing to files. ...
... teaching genome and proteome analysis techniques. Educators and students can concentrate on bioinformatic algorithms instead of programming basic functions such as reading and writing to files. ...
Do asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins have a
... glycosylating enzyme system. A hypothetical structure of such a conformation has been described by Marshall (6). It is lost during final folding of the polypeptide chain, for glycoproteins of known structure have different conformations near their carbohydrate attachment sites (11-17). A change in p ...
... glycosylating enzyme system. A hypothetical structure of such a conformation has been described by Marshall (6). It is lost during final folding of the polypeptide chain, for glycoproteins of known structure have different conformations near their carbohydrate attachment sites (11-17). A change in p ...
Novel NCC mutants and functional analysis in a new
... Screening for SLC12A3 deletions by MLPA To investigate the occurrence of deletions or duplications, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed for cases with a heterozygous mutation, and for cases with a homozygous mutation in which segregation in the family could ...
... Screening for SLC12A3 deletions by MLPA To investigate the occurrence of deletions or duplications, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis was performed for cases with a heterozygous mutation, and for cases with a homozygous mutation in which segregation in the family could ...
Computer-Based Design of Novel Protein Structures
... of design templates become especially useful when the design target includes a bound ligand and it is expected that many of the templates will not support amino acid side chains that can make low-energy contacts with the ligand. Degrado and coworkers (4) recently published a review of the diiron pro ...
... of design templates become especially useful when the design target includes a bound ligand and it is expected that many of the templates will not support amino acid side chains that can make low-energy contacts with the ligand. Degrado and coworkers (4) recently published a review of the diiron pro ...
Recognition of Nucleic Acid Bases and Base
... observed. Four calculated interactions span the Watson –Crick pairs and 15 span the G:U wobble pair, including two interesting arrangements with three hydrogen bonds to the Arg guanidinum group that have not yet been observed. The inherent donor– acceptor arrangements of the bases support many possi ...
... observed. Four calculated interactions span the Watson –Crick pairs and 15 span the G:U wobble pair, including two interesting arrangements with three hydrogen bonds to the Arg guanidinum group that have not yet been observed. The inherent donor– acceptor arrangements of the bases support many possi ...
Identification of fungal oxaloacetate hydrolyase within the
... Aspergillus niger produces oxalic acid through the hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, catalyzed by the cytoplasmic enzyme oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (OAH). The A. niger genome encodes four additional open reading frames with strong sequence similarity to OAH yet only the oahA gene encodes OAH activity. O ...
... Aspergillus niger produces oxalic acid through the hydrolysis of oxaloacetate, catalyzed by the cytoplasmic enzyme oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase (OAH). The A. niger genome encodes four additional open reading frames with strong sequence similarity to OAH yet only the oahA gene encodes OAH activity. O ...
Dynamics of Protein Tyrosine Nitration and
... 3-Nitrotyrosine formation is associated with cell signaling and disease initiation and progression like neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular injury and cancer. It even facilitates in the accumulation of nitrated proteins in vivo [11]. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer's ...
... 3-Nitrotyrosine formation is associated with cell signaling and disease initiation and progression like neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular injury and cancer. It even facilitates in the accumulation of nitrated proteins in vivo [11]. The most common neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer's ...
Epigenetic Changes in Foxp3 in Treg of Identical Twins Discordant
... could lead to Treg dysfunction and insufficient inflammation, possibly resulting in the development of asthma or an increase in its severity It is important to recognize that external environmental exposures may indeed result in genetic alterations of individuals, based on the fact that there are id ...
... could lead to Treg dysfunction and insufficient inflammation, possibly resulting in the development of asthma or an increase in its severity It is important to recognize that external environmental exposures may indeed result in genetic alterations of individuals, based on the fact that there are id ...
Fluorescence Study of Bovine β-Lactoglobulin
... two fluorophores are very close one to each other (<5 Å). This energy transfer is not Forster type [9]. Binding of calcofluor white to β-lactoglobulin induces a decrease in the fluorescence intensities of both emission and excitation peaks of Trp 19 residue and an increase of calcofluor white fluore ...
... two fluorophores are very close one to each other (<5 Å). This energy transfer is not Forster type [9]. Binding of calcofluor white to β-lactoglobulin induces a decrease in the fluorescence intensities of both emission and excitation peaks of Trp 19 residue and an increase of calcofluor white fluore ...
A family of diatom-like silicon transporters in the siliceous loricate
... Lorica; CB, cell body; Fl, flagellum; Col, collar. Bacteria in the photographs are annotated with asterisks (*). Scale bar, 5 mm. (Online version in colour.) other groups. Land plants do not possess SIT-like genes, instead possessing NOD26-like intrinsic protein (NIP)-type transporters for silicic a ...
... Lorica; CB, cell body; Fl, flagellum; Col, collar. Bacteria in the photographs are annotated with asterisks (*). Scale bar, 5 mm. (Online version in colour.) other groups. Land plants do not possess SIT-like genes, instead possessing NOD26-like intrinsic protein (NIP)-type transporters for silicic a ...
Sequence Specific Modeling of E. coli Cell-Free Protein
... optimal productivity and protein length were related by the power-law relationship α × (CPOI ) β , where α = 6.02 × 106 µM/(h·carbon number) and β = −1.93 for a P70a promoter. Interestingly, CAT did not obey the P70a power-law relationship; the relatively high productivity of CAT was due to its T7 p ...
... optimal productivity and protein length were related by the power-law relationship α × (CPOI ) β , where α = 6.02 × 106 µM/(h·carbon number) and β = −1.93 for a P70a promoter. Interestingly, CAT did not obey the P70a power-law relationship; the relatively high productivity of CAT was due to its T7 p ...
The polymerase chain reaction
... temperatures; a degenerate primer is used to amplify in the other direction from the unknown sequence. • Touchdown PCR (Step-down PCR): a variant of PCR that aims to reduce nonspecific background by gradually lowering the annealing temperature as PCR cycling progresses. The annealing temperature at ...
... temperatures; a degenerate primer is used to amplify in the other direction from the unknown sequence. • Touchdown PCR (Step-down PCR): a variant of PCR that aims to reduce nonspecific background by gradually lowering the annealing temperature as PCR cycling progresses. The annealing temperature at ...
Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus
... To create domains of a uniform size would require either merging of every second repeat of the Lb. plantarum mucusbinding protein with its neighbour or splitting the Lb. reuteri domain in two. However, our sequence analysis suggests that the mucus-binding building blocks of the mucusbinding proteins ...
... To create domains of a uniform size would require either merging of every second repeat of the Lb. plantarum mucusbinding protein with its neighbour or splitting the Lb. reuteri domain in two. However, our sequence analysis suggests that the mucus-binding building blocks of the mucusbinding proteins ...
Quantitative RT–PCR Platform to Measure Transcript Levels of C
... Gene expression analysis is key to understanding how environmental factors impact upon biological processes. A DNA array is available for the transcriptome analysis of bread wheat; however, quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT–PCR) is estimated to be at least 100-fold more sensitive than DNA ...
... Gene expression analysis is key to understanding how environmental factors impact upon biological processes. A DNA array is available for the transcriptome analysis of bread wheat; however, quantitative reverse transcription–PCR (qRT–PCR) is estimated to be at least 100-fold more sensitive than DNA ...
Determination of Protein Molecular Weight
... Proteins exhibit different three-dimensional shapes and folding patterns which are determined by their amino acid sequences and intracellular processing. The precise three-dimensional configuration of a protein is critical to its function. The shapes these molecules can have are spherical, elliptica ...
... Proteins exhibit different three-dimensional shapes and folding patterns which are determined by their amino acid sequences and intracellular processing. The precise three-dimensional configuration of a protein is critical to its function. The shapes these molecules can have are spherical, elliptica ...
Interrelations between translation and general mRNA degradation in
... Messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation is an important element of gene expression that can be modulated by alterations in translation, such as reductions in initiation or elongation rates. Reducing translation initiation strongly affects mRNA degradation by driving mRNA toward the assembly of a decapping ...
... Messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation is an important element of gene expression that can be modulated by alterations in translation, such as reductions in initiation or elongation rates. Reducing translation initiation strongly affects mRNA degradation by driving mRNA toward the assembly of a decapping ...
Leveraging SADI Semantic Web Services to Exploit Fish Ecotoxicology Data
... classify these genes according to the protein domains, which they encode. This is often a non trivial task for microarray sequences, which are frequently derived from assembled EST sequences. Consequently sequences may be incomplete and contain missing gene fragments, which introduce shifts in the r ...
... classify these genes according to the protein domains, which they encode. This is often a non trivial task for microarray sequences, which are frequently derived from assembled EST sequences. Consequently sequences may be incomplete and contain missing gene fragments, which introduce shifts in the r ...
A Contribution of the Mitochondrial
... same factor that causes a decrease in the thermal stability of the enzyme (Garza-Ramos et al., 1989, 1990). The therm al protection conferred by the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein (Fig. 2, Table I) probably involves a different mechanism, since it binds to a specific region (the ß-subunit) o ...
... same factor that causes a decrease in the thermal stability of the enzyme (Garza-Ramos et al., 1989, 1990). The therm al protection conferred by the mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor protein (Fig. 2, Table I) probably involves a different mechanism, since it binds to a specific region (the ß-subunit) o ...
Protein Acetylation as an Integral Part of Metabolism in Cancer
... types and grades. In a variety of primary cancer tissues it has been shown that lower cellular levels of histone acetylation, suggesting reduced gene expression, can be associated with more aggressive cancers and poorer clinical outcomes [26,27,28] although biological reasons for this observation ar ...
... types and grades. In a variety of primary cancer tissues it has been shown that lower cellular levels of histone acetylation, suggesting reduced gene expression, can be associated with more aggressive cancers and poorer clinical outcomes [26,27,28] although biological reasons for this observation ar ...
Sequence Alignment - Mainlab Bioinformatics
... PSI-BLAST is designed for more sensitive protein-protein similarity searches. Position-Specific Iterated (PSI)-BLAST is the most sensitive BLAST program, making it useful for finding very distantly related proteins or new members of a protein family. Use PSI-BLAST when your standard protein-protein ...
... PSI-BLAST is designed for more sensitive protein-protein similarity searches. Position-Specific Iterated (PSI)-BLAST is the most sensitive BLAST program, making it useful for finding very distantly related proteins or new members of a protein family. Use PSI-BLAST when your standard protein-protein ...
nmr.evilia.190303
... The general formula for splitting is: # of lines in the multiplet (N)= 2nI + 1, where I is the spin of the neighboring nuclei and n is the number of identical nuclei. When I=1/2, this simplies to N=n+1. In structure work, J coupling is critical to measuring the bond angles and dihedral angles betwee ...
... The general formula for splitting is: # of lines in the multiplet (N)= 2nI + 1, where I is the spin of the neighboring nuclei and n is the number of identical nuclei. When I=1/2, this simplies to N=n+1. In structure work, J coupling is critical to measuring the bond angles and dihedral angles betwee ...
Whole body and tissue protein synthesis in cattle
... Laboratoriums-Apparate GmbH, Dottingen, W. Germany) in 60 ml ice-cold 0.08 mMnorleucine solution before sulphosalicylic acid was added to a final concentration of 70 g/l. After centrifugation the supernatant fraction was treated as for the blood samples. The protein precipitate was retained. Specifi ...
... Laboratoriums-Apparate GmbH, Dottingen, W. Germany) in 60 ml ice-cold 0.08 mMnorleucine solution before sulphosalicylic acid was added to a final concentration of 70 g/l. After centrifugation the supernatant fraction was treated as for the blood samples. The protein precipitate was retained. Specifi ...
Investigating the link between tRNA and mRNA - EMBL-EBI
... The genetic code describes how a sequence of codons on an mrna is translated into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein. The genetic code manifests itself in the cell as trna molecules, which fall into several classes of anticodon isoacceptors, each decoding a single codon into its correspond ...
... The genetic code describes how a sequence of codons on an mrna is translated into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein. The genetic code manifests itself in the cell as trna molecules, which fall into several classes of anticodon isoacceptors, each decoding a single codon into its correspond ...
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein coding genes such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes, the product is a functional RNA.The process of gene expression is used by all known life - eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and utilized by viruses - to generate the macromolecular machinery for life.Several steps in the gene expression process may be modulated, including the transcription, RNA splicing, translation, and post-translational modification of a protein. Gene regulation gives the cell control over structure and function, and is the basis for cellular differentiation, morphogenesis and the versatility and adaptability of any organism. Gene regulation may also serve as a substrate for evolutionary change, since control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the functions (actions) of the gene in a cell or in a multicellular organism.In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, i.e. observable trait. The genetic code stored in DNA is ""interpreted"" by gene expression, and the properties of the expression give rise to the organism's phenotype. Such phenotypes are often expressed by the synthesis of proteins that control the organism's shape, or that act as enzymes catalysing specific metabolic pathways characterising the organism.