Construction of Detailed Chemical Reaction Models
... by the free energy of formation of the transition state complex existing between reactant and product on the reaction coordinates. Catalysis is the process in which a catalytic agent causes a reduction of the free energy of the transition state complex and the result is for the rate of reaction rela ...
... by the free energy of formation of the transition state complex existing between reactant and product on the reaction coordinates. Catalysis is the process in which a catalytic agent causes a reduction of the free energy of the transition state complex and the result is for the rate of reaction rela ...
Week 10 Problem Set (Answers) (4/17, 4/18, 4/19) Reactions and
... another bond is broken? Well, E2 reactions occur via this same mechanism. A new pi bond is formed at the same time a leaving group leaves. Something similar may be occurring here. Additionally, we have to examine the reagent. tBuOK is a strong bulky base that favors E2 elimination towards the less-s ...
... another bond is broken? Well, E2 reactions occur via this same mechanism. A new pi bond is formed at the same time a leaving group leaves. Something similar may be occurring here. Additionally, we have to examine the reagent. tBuOK is a strong bulky base that favors E2 elimination towards the less-s ...
VSEPR Review and Valence Bond Theory
... Valence Bond Theory – Hybrid Orbitals Since the orbitals (s, p, d, f, etc.) are all mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation, it is true that linear combinations of these orbitals are also solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation. In other words, we may mix s, p, and d orbitals to ...
... Valence Bond Theory – Hybrid Orbitals Since the orbitals (s, p, d, f, etc.) are all mathematical solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation, it is true that linear combinations of these orbitals are also solutions to the Schrödinger wave equation. In other words, we may mix s, p, and d orbitals to ...
Acids and bases
... and at the same time it may be strong or weak Both characteristics must always be taken into account e.g. If two bases equally soft compete for the same acid, the one with greater basicity will be preferred but if they are not equally soft, the preference may be inverted ...
... and at the same time it may be strong or weak Both characteristics must always be taken into account e.g. If two bases equally soft compete for the same acid, the one with greater basicity will be preferred but if they are not equally soft, the preference may be inverted ...
Chapter 18 Reactions of aromatics
... Mechanism of NBS (Radical) Reaction • Abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen atom generates an intermediate benzylic radical • Reacts with Br2 to yield product • Br· radical cycles back into reaction to carry chain • Br2 produced from reaction of HBr with NBS ...
... Mechanism of NBS (Radical) Reaction • Abstraction of a benzylic hydrogen atom generates an intermediate benzylic radical • Reacts with Br2 to yield product • Br· radical cycles back into reaction to carry chain • Br2 produced from reaction of HBr with NBS ...
Organic-IB-Short-Exam Questions-Answers
... ethanol lower/ethanoic acid higher; due to larger mass of ethanoic acid/stronger van der Waals’/ London/dispersion forces; due to stronger hydrogen bonding/2 hydrogen bonds per molecule; ...
... ethanol lower/ethanoic acid higher; due to larger mass of ethanoic acid/stronger van der Waals’/ London/dispersion forces; due to stronger hydrogen bonding/2 hydrogen bonds per molecule; ...
Lecture 14a - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... of chlorinated organic compounds It was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster (1976) It is also contaminant in Agent Orange ...
... of chlorinated organic compounds It was released into the environment in the Seveso disaster (1976) It is also contaminant in Agent Orange ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... oxidation gives benzoic acid while a dicarboxylic acid is formed by the oxidation of B which later on heating forms anhydride. Suggest the structures of A and B. b) CH3-CH (X) - CH2- CH2- CH3 on dehydrohalogenation forms 2-pentene and 1pentene. The major and minor product varies with respect to the ...
... oxidation gives benzoic acid while a dicarboxylic acid is formed by the oxidation of B which later on heating forms anhydride. Suggest the structures of A and B. b) CH3-CH (X) - CH2- CH2- CH3 on dehydrohalogenation forms 2-pentene and 1pentene. The major and minor product varies with respect to the ...
2s - Chemistry
... orbitals • when the combining atomic orbitals are identical and equal energy, the weight of each atomic orbital in the molecular orbital are equal • when the combining atomic orbitals are different kinds and energies, the atomic orbital closest in energy to the molecular orbital contributes more to ...
... orbitals • when the combining atomic orbitals are identical and equal energy, the weight of each atomic orbital in the molecular orbital are equal • when the combining atomic orbitals are different kinds and energies, the atomic orbital closest in energy to the molecular orbital contributes more to ...
Factors that affect the rate of reactions
... liquid, liquid and a gas etc. It does not affect reactants that are in the same phase. To summarize the 3 ways to change the rate of a reaction. If you can make the reactants: MOVE FASTER, HIT each other MORE OFTEN with MORE ENERGY The reaction rate will INCREASE ...
... liquid, liquid and a gas etc. It does not affect reactants that are in the same phase. To summarize the 3 ways to change the rate of a reaction. If you can make the reactants: MOVE FASTER, HIT each other MORE OFTEN with MORE ENERGY The reaction rate will INCREASE ...
C - Wits Structural Chemistry
... called a point group because at least one point is unchanged. Once we identify the point group → can look up all the symmetry elements in character tables (see below). ...
... called a point group because at least one point is unchanged. Once we identify the point group → can look up all the symmetry elements in character tables (see below). ...
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules, devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be applied to understand electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions (including cheletropic reactions), sigmatropic reactions, and group transfer reactions. Reactions are classified as allowed if the electronic barrier is low, and forbidden if the barrier is high. Forbidden reactions can still take place but require significantly more energy.The Woodward–Hoffmann rules were first formulated to explain the striking stereospecificity of electrocyclic reactions under thermal and photochemical control. Thermolysis of the substituted cyclobutene trans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1) gave only one diastereomer, the (E,E)-3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (2) as shown below; the (Z,Z) and the (E,Z) diastereomers were not detected in the reaction. Similarly, thermolysis of cis-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (3) gave only the (E,Z) diastereomer (4).Due to their elegance and simplicity, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are credited with first exemplifying the power of molecular orbital theory to experimental chemists. Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory; because Woodward had died two years before, he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry.