A2 LEVEL CHEMISTRY 4.1.1 ARENES TEST Answer all questions
... In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of scientific terms. Describe how benzene could be converted into nitrobenzene. State the reagents and conditions, give a balanced equation for each stage and show the structure of the product. ...
... In this question, one mark is available for the quality of use and organisation of scientific terms. Describe how benzene could be converted into nitrobenzene. State the reagents and conditions, give a balanced equation for each stage and show the structure of the product. ...
Unit 2 Review: Answers: Review for Organic Chemistry Unit Test 2
... ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii) chemical reactivity: butane is an alkane so it is generally unreactive with most substances. 1butanol is an alcohol so it will undergo many reactions such as dehydrati ...
... ii) state at SATP: butane is a very short chain alkane so it is a gas a SATP. Butanol, because it is polar, is a liquid at SATP iii) chemical reactivity: butane is an alkane so it is generally unreactive with most substances. 1butanol is an alcohol so it will undergo many reactions such as dehydrati ...
Hybridization Theory Review Review
... geometric isomers - have the same gross connectivity but differ only how the groups are oriented in space due to hindered rotation about the doubly-bonded carbons. In addition, geometric isomers also have different chemical and physical properties. hybrid orbitals - a mixture of two or more differen ...
... geometric isomers - have the same gross connectivity but differ only how the groups are oriented in space due to hindered rotation about the doubly-bonded carbons. In addition, geometric isomers also have different chemical and physical properties. hybrid orbitals - a mixture of two or more differen ...
Background Information
... Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol Condensation products formed under thermodynamic conditions. The alkene that is generated is in conjugation with the carbonyl compound. The alkenes present in dibenzalacetone have stereochemistry associated with them, however the product in which both alken ...
... Synthesis of Dibenzalacetone by the Aldol Condensation products formed under thermodynamic conditions. The alkene that is generated is in conjugation with the carbonyl compound. The alkenes present in dibenzalacetone have stereochemistry associated with them, however the product in which both alken ...
Chapter 1--Title
... The transition state in this E2 reaction has double bond character The trisubstituted alkene-like transition state will be most stable and have the lowest DG‡ Kinetic control of product formation: When one of two products is formed because its free energy of activation is lower and therefore the ...
... The transition state in this E2 reaction has double bond character The trisubstituted alkene-like transition state will be most stable and have the lowest DG‡ Kinetic control of product formation: When one of two products is formed because its free energy of activation is lower and therefore the ...
Slide 1
... A lone pair on B is converted to bonding electrons. What happens at B: The octet count at B is not changed but it does become more positive by 1. The actual charge depends on the initial charge. What happens at A: Two more electrons are added to the octet count of A. We cannot exceed the octet count ...
... A lone pair on B is converted to bonding electrons. What happens at B: The octet count at B is not changed but it does become more positive by 1. The actual charge depends on the initial charge. What happens at A: Two more electrons are added to the octet count of A. We cannot exceed the octet count ...
Chapter 1
... A lone pair on B is converted to bonding electrons. What happens at B: The octet count at B is not changed but it does become more positive by 1. The actual charge depends on the initial charge. What happens at A: Two more electrons are added to the octet count of A. We cannot exceed the octet count ...
... A lone pair on B is converted to bonding electrons. What happens at B: The octet count at B is not changed but it does become more positive by 1. The actual charge depends on the initial charge. What happens at A: Two more electrons are added to the octet count of A. We cannot exceed the octet count ...
practice unit #2 exam
... The rate slowed down, from 2.3 10-3 molmin-1 to 9.49 10-4 molmin-1. The rate slowed down as the reactants got used up – as the concentration decreases there are fewer particles to collide, thus slowing down reaction rate. ...
... The rate slowed down, from 2.3 10-3 molmin-1 to 9.49 10-4 molmin-1. The rate slowed down as the reactants got used up – as the concentration decreases there are fewer particles to collide, thus slowing down reaction rate. ...
First-Sample_Exam-1-Key
... CaCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (Hint: for the purposes of this problem, you may regard CaCO3, HCl and CaCl2 as soluble. CaCO3 is fairly soluble in acidic solutions.) Balance this equation, then answer the following: 18. Which of the following is the balanced, net ionic equation for ...
... CaCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) (Hint: for the purposes of this problem, you may regard CaCO3, HCl and CaCl2 as soluble. CaCO3 is fairly soluble in acidic solutions.) Balance this equation, then answer the following: 18. Which of the following is the balanced, net ionic equation for ...
TV RajanBabu Chemistry, 730 Autumn 1997
... Acidites of phosphonium and sulfonium compounds and ylides (for chemistry see later) Enols, enamines and metalloenamines in synthesis Mechanism of acid and base catalyzed enolization, kinetic vs thermodynamic control Detailed mechanism of -substitution of a carbonyl compound (e. g., bromination) Car ...
... Acidites of phosphonium and sulfonium compounds and ylides (for chemistry see later) Enols, enamines and metalloenamines in synthesis Mechanism of acid and base catalyzed enolization, kinetic vs thermodynamic control Detailed mechanism of -substitution of a carbonyl compound (e. g., bromination) Car ...
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
... present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the substitution products formed when the 2° alkyl halide A is treated with either the strong nucleophile HO¯ or the ...
... present in high concentrations favor SN2 reactions. • Weak nucleophiles, such as H2O and ROH favor SN1 reactions by decreasing the rate of any competing SN2 reaction. • Let us compare the substitution products formed when the 2° alkyl halide A is treated with either the strong nucleophile HO¯ or the ...
PowerPoint **
... Why alkenyl halides such as CH3CBr=ChCH3 don’t undergo substitution upon treatment with a strong base(-NH2)? Ans: ring strain. ...
... Why alkenyl halides such as CH3CBr=ChCH3 don’t undergo substitution upon treatment with a strong base(-NH2)? Ans: ring strain. ...
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE HYDROCARBONS 1. Name the least
... 23. Explain with equations how to convert ketone into hydrocarbon ( Or How do you convert acetone to propane?) 24. How does benzaldehyde reacts with strong KOH (Or explain with equations how to convert aldehyde containing no alpha-hydrogen to a mixture of sodium salt of the carboxylic acid and alcoh ...
... 23. Explain with equations how to convert ketone into hydrocarbon ( Or How do you convert acetone to propane?) 24. How does benzaldehyde reacts with strong KOH (Or explain with equations how to convert aldehyde containing no alpha-hydrogen to a mixture of sodium salt of the carboxylic acid and alcoh ...
Study guide/lecture topics
... This is a list of topics we will be covering to help you in preparation for exams. Topics from Clayden are indicated clearly by chapter and page numbers where necessary. Topics NOT from Clayden are listed in italics. PLTL topics are in CAPS. This document will be updated throughout the term. The goa ...
... This is a list of topics we will be covering to help you in preparation for exams. Topics from Clayden are indicated clearly by chapter and page numbers where necessary. Topics NOT from Clayden are listed in italics. PLTL topics are in CAPS. This document will be updated throughout the term. The goa ...
2(#pi bonds)
... Combining VB & MO Theories • To create orbitals that are localized between adjacent atoms, we add and subtract the atomic and hybrid orbitals on the adjacent atoms, which are aligned to overlap with each other. • Consider methane, CH4. The sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon each point to a 1s orbital of ...
... Combining VB & MO Theories • To create orbitals that are localized between adjacent atoms, we add and subtract the atomic and hybrid orbitals on the adjacent atoms, which are aligned to overlap with each other. • Consider methane, CH4. The sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon each point to a 1s orbital of ...
Exp`t 73
... Dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol, 1 (B.P. = 163-166°C) with 85% phosphoric acid yields a mixture of three products: the main product overall (75-80%) is 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, 2 (B.P. = 110-111 °C); also present are 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene, 3 (B.P.=104 °C) and methylenecyclohexane, 4. The relativ ...
... Dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol, 1 (B.P. = 163-166°C) with 85% phosphoric acid yields a mixture of three products: the main product overall (75-80%) is 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, 2 (B.P. = 110-111 °C); also present are 3-methyl-1-cyclohexene, 3 (B.P.=104 °C) and methylenecyclohexane, 4. The relativ ...
Woodward–Hoffmann rules
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules, devised by Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann, are a set of rules in organic chemistry predicting the barrier heights of pericyclic reactions based upon conservation of orbital symmetry. The Woodward–Hoffmann rules can be applied to understand electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions (including cheletropic reactions), sigmatropic reactions, and group transfer reactions. Reactions are classified as allowed if the electronic barrier is low, and forbidden if the barrier is high. Forbidden reactions can still take place but require significantly more energy.The Woodward–Hoffmann rules were first formulated to explain the striking stereospecificity of electrocyclic reactions under thermal and photochemical control. Thermolysis of the substituted cyclobutene trans-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (1) gave only one diastereomer, the (E,E)-3,4-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene (2) as shown below; the (Z,Z) and the (E,Z) diastereomers were not detected in the reaction. Similarly, thermolysis of cis-1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutene (3) gave only the (E,Z) diastereomer (4).Due to their elegance and simplicity, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules are credited with first exemplifying the power of molecular orbital theory to experimental chemists. Hoffmann was awarded the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work, shared with Kenichi Fukui who developed a similar model using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory; because Woodward had died two years before, he was not eligible to win what would have been his second Nobel Prize for Chemistry.